• Suggest an abbreviation
• Add to bookmarks
• Print the page
• Search for an abbreviation

Abbreviations related to the theme ‘Knowledge, information and institutions’

Science and knowledge, organization, computer science, information, documentation, librarianship, institutions, publications.

Code

Meaning

Language

Themes and places

PPARC

Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Astronomy

PPB

Program Performance Baseline

In English

• Quality management

PPB

Provisioning Parts Breakdown

The abbreviation PPB (Provisioning Parts Breakdown) is included in the abbreviation IPPB (Illustrated Provisioning Parts Breakdown).

In English

• Stock management

PPC

Phased Provisioning Code

In English

• Stock management

PPC

Preprocessing Center

In English

• Computer science

PPCAS

Publication of the Pomona College Astronomical Society

In English

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

PPCF

Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion (www.iop.org/EJ/journal/PPCF)

In English

• Periodicals
• Plasma physics
• Nuclear technology

PPCP

Postprocessing Computer Program

The abbreviation PPCP (Postprocessing Computer Program) includes the abbreviation CP (Computer Program).

In English

• Computer programs

PPCP

Projet Pluridisciplinaire à Caractère Professionnel

In French

• Project management
• Education
• Labour

PPCU

Partial Payload Checkout Unit

The abbreviation PPCU (Partial Payload Checkout Unit) includes the abbreviation PCU (Payload Checkout Unit).

In English

• Quality management
• Astronautics

PPD

Pilote de Planification et de Déploiement

In French

• Management

PPEB

Post-Primary Education Board

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Education

PPEE

Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering

In English

• Periodicals
• Electrical engineering

PPEF

Post-Primary Education Forum (www.ppef.ie)

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Education

PPF

Projet de Performance Fédéral

In French

• Project management
• Quality management
• Sport
• France

PPG

Plan de Prévention Global

In French

• Management
• Safety

PPGeo

Progress in Physical Geography

In English

• Periodicals
• Geography

PPHTS

Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors

In English

• Periodicals
• Physics

PPI

Plan Particulier d’Intervention

In French

• Management

PPI

Pixel Per Inch

In English

• Operating systems

PPIL

Priced Provisioned Item List

In English

• Physical resources management
• Prices

PPL

Planning Parts List

In English

• Stock management

PPL

Preferred Parts List

In English

• Stock management
• Quality management

PPL

Priced Parts List

In English

• Stock management
• Prices

PPL

Program Parts List

In English

• Stock management
• Project management

PPL

Provisioning Parts List

The abbreviation PPL (Provisioning Parts List) is included in the abbreviation SFPPL (Short-Form Provisioning Parts List).

In English

• Stock management

PPM

Perl Package Manager

In English

• Computer programs
• Programming languages

PPM

Prioriteitsprogramma Materialenonderzoek

In Dutch

• Research policy
• Materials science

PPM

Payload Project Manager

The abbreviation PPM (Payload Project Manager) includes the abbreviation PM (Project Manager).

In English

• Project management
• Astronautics

PPME

Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering

In English

• Periodicals
• Mechanical engineering

PPMS

Project Performance Measurement System

The abbreviation PPMS (Project Performance Measurement System) includes the abbreviation PMS (Performance Measurement System).

In English

• Quality management
• Project management

PPMtO

Publications of the Purple Mountain Observatory

In English

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

PPN

Physics of Particles and Nuclei

In English

• Periodicals
• Nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics

PPN

Project Programmer Number

In English

• Software

PPO

Preferred Provider Organization

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Stock management
• Quality management

PPP

Point-to-Point Protocol

In English

• Telecommunications
• Internet

PPP

Projet Professionnel Personnalisé

In French

• Project management
• Personnel management
• Labour

PPPC

Professional and Public Policy Committee

The Public and Professional Policy Committee (PPPC) is an interdisciplinary committee of the European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) constituted in order to identify and discuss the ethical, social and policy issues related to human genetics and its application in research, clinical practice and laboratory genetic services.

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Ethics
• Genetics
• Medicine

PPPL

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (www.pppl.gov)

In English

• Research institutes
• Plasma physics

PPQIC

Productivity and Product Quality Improvement Council

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PPQT

Preproduction Qualification Test

The abbreviation PPQT (Preproduction Qualification Test) includes the abbreviation QT (Qualification Test).

In English

• Quality management
• Engineering, technology

PPR

Plan de Prévention des Risques

In French

• Management
• Safety

PPR

Program Planning Review

In English

• Quality management

PPR

Politieke Partij Radicalen

In Dutch

• Non-governmental organizations
• Political parties and movements
• Netherlands

PPR

Programme de Principe de Requalification

In French

• Project management
• Nuclear technology
• Energy economics
• France

PPRA

Pôle Productique Rhône-Alpes

In French

• Associations
• Engineering, technology
• France

PPRB

Preliminary Proposal Review Board

The abbreviation PPRB (Preliminary Proposal Review Board) includes the abbreviation RB (Review Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PPRE

Programme Personnalisé de Réussite Éducative

In French

• Project management
• Education

PPS

Printer/Plotter System

In English

• Peripherals

PPS

Product Performance System

In English

• Quality management

PPS

Provisioning Performance Schedule

In English

• Assignment
• Quality management
• Stock management

PPS

Proceedings of the Physical Society

In English

• Periodicals
• Physics

PPS

Primer Pair Selection

In English

• Software
• Biotechnology
• Genetics
• Biochemistry, biophysics

PPSC

Pro Patria Stormvogel Combinatie

In Dutch

• Organizations and associations
• Sport

PPSL

Program Parts Selection List

In English

• Physical resources management

PPSL

Proceedings of the Physical Society of London

In English

• Periodicals
• Physics
• United Kingdom

PPSL

Pôle Pilote de Sécurité Locale (www.ppsl.asso.fr)

In French

• Associations

PPST

Protection du Potentiel Scientifique et Technique

In French

• Research policy
• Engineering, technology
• France

PPT

Prelaunch Package Test

In English

• Quality management
• Astronautics

PPTE

Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

In English

• Periodicals
• Vehicle engineering
• Transport and postal services

PPTEn

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

In English

• Periodicals
• Plastic industry

PPcPp

Progress in Photochemistry and Photophysics

In English

• Periodicals
• Electromagnetism

PQA

Procurement Quality Assurance

The abbreviation PQA (Procurement Quality Assurance) includes the abbreviation QA (Quality Assurance).

In English

• Quality management
• Sale

PQC

Procurement Quality Control

The abbreviation PQC (Procurement Quality Control) includes the abbreviation QC (Quality Control).

In English

• Quality management
• Sale

PQC

Product Quality Council

In English

• Quality management

PQE

Procurement Quality Engineering

In English

• Quality management
• Sale

PQE

Progress in Quantum Electronics

In English

• Periodicals
• Quantum mechanics
• Electronics

PQIC

Product Quality Improvement Council

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PQIC

Productivity and Quality Improvement Council

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PQR

Presse Quotidienne Régionale

In French

• Press

PQS

Prévention, Qualité, Sécurité

In French

• Quality management

PQT

Preliminary Qualification Test

The abbreviation PQT (Preliminary Qualification Test) includes the abbreviation QT (Qualification Test).

In English

• Quality management
• Engineering, technology

PQT

Production Qualification Test

The abbreviation PQT (Production Qualification Test) includes the abbreviation QT (Qualification Test).

In English

• Quality management
• Engineering, technology

PR

Performance Report

The abbreviation PR (Performance Report) is included in abbreviations such as CPR (Cost Performance Report) and TASPR (Technical And Schedule Performance Report).

In English

• Reports, notices
• Knowledge management
• Quality management

PR

Position Record

In English

• Records management

PR

Problem Report

The abbreviation PR (Problem Report) is included in abbreviations such as WSPR (Weapon System Problem Report), CPR (Critical Problem Report), IPR (Interim Problem Report), MPR (Maintainability Problem Report), OMPR (Operational Maintainability Problem Reporting), PRSS (Problem Report Squawk Sheet), SPR (Software Problem Report) and TPR (Test Problem Report).

In English

• Knowledge management
• Quality management

PR

Program Requirements

The abbreviation PR (Program Requirements) is included in abbreviations such as KPRD (KSC (Kennedy Space Center) Program Requirements Document), PRB (Program Requirements Baseline), PRCB (Program Requirements Change Board), PRCB (Program Requirements Control Board), PRCBD (Program Requirements Control Board Directive), PRD (Program Requirements Document), PRR (Program Requirements Review) and QPRD (Quality Program Requirements Document).

In English

• Quality management
• Project management

PR

Printempa Renkontiĝo

In Esperanto

• Conferences
• Esperanto

PR

Progress Report

The abbreviation PR (Progress Report) is included in abbreviations such as AMPR (Aeronautical Manufacturer’s Progress Report), BPR (Bimonthly Progress Report), DSNPR (Deep Space Network Progress Report), IPNPR (Interplanetary Network Progress Report), QPR (Quarterly Progress Report), TDAPR (Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Progress Report) and TMOPR (Telecommunications and Mission Operations Progress Report).

In English

• Reports, notices
• Knowledge management
• Project management

PRA

Professional Rugby Players Association

In English

• Associations
• Football and rugby

PRA

Projet de Recherche Amont

In French

• Project management
• Research policy

PRA

Plan de Reprise d’Activité

In English

• Management

PRAC

Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee

In English

• Management bodies
• Pharmacology, therapeutics, toxicology

PRACA

Problem Reporting And Corrective Action

The abbreviation PRACA (Problem Reporting And Corrective Action) includes the abbreviation CA (Corrective Action).

In English

• Quality management

PRAI

Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence

In English

• Software
• Pattern recognition
• Artificial intelligence

PRAMED

Programme Régional pour l’Air, la Maîtrise de l’Énergie et les Déchets

In French

• Project management
• Environmental protection
• Energy economics
• Wastes

PRATIC

PRocédure d'Analyse et de Traitement des Informations Commerciales

In French

• Software
• Trade
• Energy economics

PRB

Panel Review Board

The abbreviation PRB (Panel Review Board) includes the abbreviation RB (Review Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PRB

Parachute Refurbishment Building

In English

• Secular architecture
• Stock management
• Aeronautics
• Astronautics
• United States

PRB

Program Review Board

The abbreviation PRB (Program Review Board) includes the abbreviation RB (Review Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PRB

Program Requirements Baseline

The abbreviation PRB (Program Requirements Baseline) includes the abbreviation PR (Program Requirements).

In English

• Quality management

PRB

President’s Review Board

The abbreviation PRB (President’s Review Board) includes the abbreviation RB (Review Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PRC

Pharmacotherapy Research Center

In English

• Research institutes
• Pharmacology, therapeutics, toxicology

PRCB

Program Requirements Change Board

The abbreviation PRCB (Program Requirements Change Board) includes abbreviations PR (Program Requirements) and CB (Change Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management
• Project management

PRCB

Program Requirements Control Board

The abbreviation PRCB (Program Requirements Control Board) is included in the abbreviation PRCBD (Program Requirements Control Board Directive), and it includes abbreviations PR (Program Requirements) and CB (Control Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PRCB

Program Review Control Board

The abbreviation PRCB (Program Review Control Board) includes the abbreviation CB (Control Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PRCBD

Program Requirements Control Board Directive

The abbreviation PRCBD (Program Requirements Control Board Directive) includes abbreviations PR (Program Requirements), PRCB (Program Requirements Control Board) and CB (Control Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management

PRCO

Publications of the Riverview College Observatory

In English

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

PRD

Payload Requirements Document

The abbreviation PRD (Payload Requirements Document) includes the abbreviation RD (Requirements Document).

In English

• Knowledge management
• Quality management
• Astronautics

PRD

Preliminary Requirements Document

The abbreviation PRD (Preliminary Requirements Document) includes the abbreviation RD (Requirements Document).

In English

• Knowledge management
• Quality management

PRD

Procurement Requirements Document

The abbreviation PRD (Procurement Requirements Document) includes the abbreviation RD (Requirements Document).

In English

• Knowledge management
• Quality management
• Sale

PRD

Program Requirements Document

The abbreviation PRD (Program Requirements Document) includes abbreviations PR (Program Requirements) and RD (Requirements Document).

In English

• Knowledge management
• Quality management

PRD

Project Requirements Document

The abbreviation PRD (Project Requirements Document) includes the abbreviation RD (Requirements Document).

In English

• Knowledge management
• Quality management

PRDA

Program Research and Development Announcement

In English

• Research policy
• Engineering, technology

PRDF

Présentation et Rapprochement des Données Financières

PRDF is equivalent to FDSR (Financial Data Submission and Reconciliation) in English.

In French

• Data
• Finance

PRDLA

Pacific Rim Digital Library Alliance

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Libraries
• Internet
• Asia

PRE

Prévision, Réalisation, Écart

In French

• Quality management

PREDIS

Plan Régional d’Élimination des Déchets Industriels Spéciaux

In French

• Project management
• Wastes
• Industry, industrial policy

PREMIA

Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence Association

In English

• Associations
• Pattern recognition
• Artificial intelligence

PRES

Pôles de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur

In French

• Research policy
• Specialized colleges
• Higher education

PRES

Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur

In French

• Research policy
• Specialized colleges
• Higher education

PRESENCCIA

Presence & Research Encompassing Sensory Enhancement, NeuroScience, Cerebral-Computer Interfaces and Applications

In English

• Human-computer interaction
• Neurology

PRF

Projet de Recherches Fédérateur

In French

• Project management
• Research policy

PRI

Programme de Recherches Interdisciplinaires

In French

• Project management
• Research policy

PRIDE

Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery of basic Education

In English

• Project management
• Education

PRIDES

Pôle Régional d'Innovation et de Développement Économique Solidaire

In French

• Organizations and associations
• Research policy
• Economics

PRIIM

Projet de Réalisation et d’Innovation Industrielle de Microsystèmes Hétérogènes

In French

• Project management
• Mechanical engineering
• Electronics

PRIM&R

Public Responsibility In Medicine and Research

In English

• Research policy
• Medicine

PRINCE

PRojet d’INfrastructure de Communication d'Entreprise

In French

• Project management
• Networks, communication
• Telecommunications

PRIP

Pattern Recognition and Image Processing

In English

• Pattern recognition
• Computer graphics

PRISM

Pacific Regional Information SysteM

In English

• Computer science
• Telecommunications

PRISM

Pacific Roundtable on Industry, Society and Management

In English

• Management
• Social sciences
• Economics

PRISMA

Productique et Informatique des Systèmes Manufacturiers

In French

• Computer-based techniques
• Mechanical engineering

PRISME

PRoduits d'Information Spécialisée et Médiation Électronique

In French

• Knowledge management

PRL

Preferred Retinal Locus

In English

• Ophthalmology
• Quality management

PRM

Performance and Reliability Module

In English

• Quality management

PRO

Public Research Organisation

The abbreviation PRO (Public Research Organisation) is included in abbreviations such as PROTON (Public Research Organisations’ Technology Offices Network) and PROTON (Public Research Organisation Technology Transfer Office Network).

In English

• Governmental organizations
• Research institutes

PRO

Planning and Reporting Officers

In English

• Management

PROACT

Programme for Advanced Contactless Technology

In English

• Project management
• Electronics
• Telecommunications

PROE

Publications of the Royal Observatory of Edinburgh

In English

• Periodicals
• Observatories
• Astronomy
• Scotland

PROGRESS

Programme for Research on Embedded Systems & Software

In English

• Project management
• Electronics
• Software

PROJET

Promotion Rurale pour l'Orientation des Jeunes dans l'Entreprise par le Travail

In French

• Labour
• Personnel management

PROLOG

PROgrammation LOGique

In French

• Programming languages

PROM

Programmable Read-Only Memory

The abbreviation PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) is included in abbreviations such as EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), and it includes the abbreviation ROM (Read-Only Memory).

In English

• Memories

PROMIS

Project-Oriented Management Information System

In English

• Software
• Databases
• Knowledge management
• Project management

PROMU

Prospective de la Mobilité dans les Métropoles

In French

• Future of knowledge
• Transport and postal services
• Town planning

PROTON

Public Research Organisations’ Technology Offices Network

The abbreviation PROTON (Public Research Organisations’ Technology Offices Network) includes the abbreviation PRO (Public Research Organisation).

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Governmental organizations
• Research institutes
• Research policy
• Industry, industrial policy
• Engineering, technology
• Europe

PROTON

Public Research Organisation Technology Transfer Office Network

The abbreviation PROTON (Public Research Organisation Technology Transfer Office Network) includes the abbreviation PRO (Public Research Organisation).

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Governmental organizations
• Research institutes
• Research policy
• Industry, industrial policy
• Engineering, technology
• Europe

PRP

Personnel Reliability Program

In English

• Personnel management

PRP

Program Redefinition Proposal

In English

• Management

PRPS

Programming Requirements Process Specification

In English

• Software engineering
• Quality management

PRR

Parts Replacement Request

In English

• Maintenance

PRR

Parts Rework or Replacement

In English

• Maintenance

PRR

Preflight Readiness Review

The abbreviation PRR (Preflight Readiness Review) includes the abbreviation RR (Readiness Review).

In English

• Quality management
• Aeronautics
• Astronautics

PRR

Preliminary Requirements Review

The abbreviation PRR (Preliminary Requirements Review) includes the abbreviation RR (Requirements Review).

In English

• Quality management

PRR

Production Readiness Review

The abbreviation PRR (Production Readiness Review) includes the abbreviation RR (Readiness Review).

In English

• Quality management

PRR

Program Requirements Review

The abbreviation PRR (Program Requirements Review) includes abbreviations PR (Program Requirements) and RR (Requirements Review).

In English

• Quality management

PRR

Project Requirements Review

The abbreviation PRR (Project Requirements Review) includes the abbreviation RR (Requirements Review).

In English

• Quality management

PRRB

Payload Requirements Review Board

The abbreviation PRRB (Payload Requirements Review Board) includes abbreviations RR (Requirements Review) and RB (Review Board).

In English

• Management bodies
• Quality management
• Astronautics

PRS

Preliminary Requirements Specification

In English

• Management

PRS

Provisioning Requirements Statement

In English

• Quality management
• Stock management

PRS

(Syndicat National des) Papetiers Répartiteurs Spécialisés

In French

• Organizations and associations
• Graphic industries, printing, publishing
• Paper and board industry

PRSS

Problem Report Squawk Sheet

The abbreviation PRSS (Problem Report Squawk Sheet) includes the abbreviation PR (Problem Report).

In English

• Quality management

PRST

Pôle de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique

In French

• Organizations and associations
• Research policy
• Engineering, technology

PRTR

Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

In English

• Databases
• Environmental threats

PRVA

Public Relations Verband Austria (www.prva.at)

In German

• Organizations and associations
• Public relations
• Austria

PRisMa

Portfolio Risk Management

In English

• Management
• Finance
• Monetary and financial system

PS

PostScript

In English

• Programming languages
• Document processing

PSA

Pacific Sociological Association

In English

• Associations
• Sociology

PSA

Prabhu Dasi Sisters of Ajmeer

In English

• Non-governmental organizations
• Roman catholic church
• India

PSA

Preferred Storage Area

In English

• Stock management
• Quality management

PSA

Producibility, Supportability, and Affordability

In English

• Physical resources management

PSA

Poultry Science Association (www.poultryscience.org)

In English

• Associations
• Zoology
• Agriculture

PSA

Probabilistic Safety Assessment

In English

• Quality management
• Safety

PSAA

Philippines Studies Association of Australasia

In English

• Associations
• Area studies
• Philippines
• South Pacific, Australia and poles

PSAC

Presidential Scientific Advisory Committee

In English

• Management bodies
• Research policy
• United States

PSAIL

Pubblicazioni della Stazione Astronomica Internazionale di Latitudine

In Italian

• Periodicals
• Observatories
• All countries

PSB

Singapore Productivity and Standards Board

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Standardization
• Singapore

PSBLS

Permanent Space-Based Logistics System

In English

• Physical resources management
• Astronautics

PSC

Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center

In English

• Computer science
• United States

PSC

Program Schedule Chart

In English

• Assignment
• Project management

PSCDS

Publication Spéciale du Centre de Données Stellaires

In French

• Periodicals
• Databases
• Stars

PSCEC

Physical Sciences - Series of the Commission of European Communities

In English

• Periodicals
• Physics
• European Union
• Europe

PSCK

Parochie Sport Club Kalf

In Dutch

• Organizations and associations
• Sport

PSCL

Propellant Systems Cleaning Laboratory

In English

• Research institutes
• Astronautics

PSCN

Preliminary Specification Change Notice

The abbreviation PSCN (Preliminary Specification Change Notice) includes abbreviations CN (Change Notice) and SCN (Specification Change Notice).

In English

• Records management
• Quality management

PSCN

Program Support Communications Network

In English

• Networks, communication
• Telecommunications

PSD

Physical Sciences Data

In English

• Periodicals
• Data
• Physics

PSD

Power Systems Division

In English

• Organizational divisions
• Energy economics
• Electrical engineering

PSD

Program Support Document

In English

• Knowledge management

PSDE

Personal Systems Distribution Europe

In English

• Computer hardware
• Europe

PSDE

Philippine Society of Digestive Endoscopy (https://psde.org.ph/)

In English

• Non-governmental organizations
• Diagnostics
• Digestive diseases
• Philippines

PSDE

Programme de Soins Dentaires pour Enfants

In French

• Project management
• Odontology
• Pediatry

PSDE

Parti Social Démocrate Européen (https://psde.fr/)

In French

• Non-governmental organizations
• Political parties and movements
• Europe

PSDN

Packet Switched Data Network

In English

• Networks, communication

PSDR

Planning and Scheduling Document Record

In English

• Records management
• Assignment

PSE

Personal Security Environment

PSE is equivalent to PSU (Persönliche Sicherheitsumgebung) in German, PSU (Prinz-von-Songkhla-Universität) in German, PSU (Prince of Songkhla University) in English.

In English

• Computer science

PSE

Primer Specificity Evaluation

In English

• Software
• Biotechnology
• Genetics
• Enzymes

PSEBM

Proceedings of The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

In English

• Periodicals
• Biology
• Medicine

PSF

Probability of Stress Failure

In English

• Probability
• Quality management
• Mechanical engineering
• Materials science

PSGB

Primate Society of Great Britain (www.psgb.org)

In English

• Organizations and associations
• Primates
• United Kingdom

PSI

Paul Scherrer Institut (https://www.psi.ch/de)

PSI is equivalent to IPS (Institut Paul Scherrer) in French.

In German

• Research institutes
• Mathematics and natural sciences
• Nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics
• Nuclear technology
• Switzerland

PSI

Published Subject Indicator

In English

• Libraries

PSI

Printempa Semajno Internacia

In Esperanto

• Conferences

PSI

Physical Space Inventory

In English

• Physical resources management

PSI

Programme de Surveillance de l’Irradiation

In French

• Project management
• Nuclear technology
• France

PSI

Perception, Système et Information

In French

• Research institutes
• Computer science

PSI

Prestataire de Services d’Investissement

In French

• Non-governmental organizations
• Finance

PSI/SCI

Preshipment Inspection and Seller Configuration

In English

• Quality management
• Sale

PSICOSE

Participation du Système d'Information à la COmpréhension du Social dans l'Entreprise

In French

• Software
• Personnel management