Abbreviations related to the theme ‘Knowledge, information and institutions’
Science and knowledge, organization, computer science, information, documentation, librarianship, institutions, publications.
- Code
-
Meaning
Language
Themes and places
- MUSIC/SP
-
Multi-User System for Interactive Computing / System Product
- MUSJ
-
Mélanges (de la Faculté Orientale) de l’Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
- MV
-
Manufacturing Verification
- MVC
-
Modèle-Vue-Contrôleur
- MVC
-
Mortelse Voetbal Club
The abbreviation MVC (Mortelse Voetbal Club) includes the abbreviation VC (Voetbal Club).
- MVC
-
Maasbreese Voetbal Club
The abbreviation MVC (Maasbreese Voetbal Club) includes the abbreviation VC (Voetbal Club).
- MVD
-
Map and Visual Display
- MVGVT
-
Mated Vertical Ground Vibration Test
- MVK
-
Met Vereende Krachten
- MVKV
-
Met Vereende Kracht Voorwaarts
- MVL
-
Meijerialan Ammattilaiset
- MVMA
-
Minnesota Veterinary Medical Association
- MVMP
-
Methoden und Verfahren der Mathematischen Physik
- MVNE
-
Mobile Virtual Network Enabler
- MVO
-
Montserrat Volcano Observatory (www.mvo.ms)
- MVO
-
Meer Vriendschap Onderling
- MVP
-
Master Verification Plan
- MVR
-
Marinus Van Rooijen
- MVR
-
Multilingual Vocabulary Repository
- MVS
-
Multiple Virtual Storage
- MVS/ESA
-
Multiple Virtual Storage/Enterprise System Architecture
- MVS/XA
-
Multiple Virtual Storage/Extended Architecture
- MVT
-
Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks
- MVV
-
Maastrichtse Voetbal Vereniging
- MVV
-
Millinger Voetbal Vereniging
- MVV
-
Maaslandse Voetbal Vereniging
- MVV
-
Mariaparochiese Voetbal Vereniging
- MVV
-
Meterense Voetbal Vereniging
- MVV
-
Marlese Voetbal Vereniging
- MVVO
-
Middelburger Voetbal Vereniging Olympia
- MVZ
-
Mittelschullehrerverband Zürich
- MWA
-
Mental Workload Analyzer
- MWC
-
Mobile World Congress
- MWD
-
Material Withdrawal Document
- MWG
-
Maintainability Working Group
- MWI
-
Mobile Web Initiative (www.w3.org/Mobile/)
- MWN
-
Materials World Network
- MWOAR
-
Mount Wilson Observatory Annual Report
The abbreviation MWOAR (Mount Wilson Observatory Annual Report) includes the abbreviation MWO (Mount Wilson Observatory).
- MWOR
-
Maintenance Work Order Request
- MWPR
-
Monthly Work Package Report
The abbreviation MWPR (Monthly Work Package Report) includes the abbreviation WP (Work Package).
- MWRv
-
Monthly Weather Review
- MXML
-
Macromedia Flex Markup Language
- MYTA
-
Maintainability Task Analysis
- MYVAL
-
Maintainability Evaluation
- MZM
-
Maastrichtse Zinkwit Maatschappij
- MZOS
-
Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa
- MZT
-
Magyarországi Záslo Társaság
- MZVC
-
Middelburgse Zaterdag Voetbal Club
The abbreviation MZVC (Middelburgse Zaterdag Voetbal Club) includes the abbreviation VC (Voetbal Club).
- MaCom
-
Mathematics of Computation
- MaDes
-
Machine Design
- MaFi
-
Mathematical Finance
- MaPhS
-
Mathematical Physics Studies
- MaPr
-
Mathematical Proceedings
- MaRBu
-
Materials Research Bulletin
- MadOO
-
Madras Observatory Astronomical Observations
- MadOb
-
Madras Observatory Observations
- MagFE
-
Magnetic Fusion Energy
- ManGe
-
Manuscripta Geodaetica
- MarGR
-
Marine Geophysical Researches
- MarGe
-
Marine Geodesy
- MatEv
-
Materials Evaluation
- MatG
-
Mathematical Geology
- MatL
-
Materials Letters
- MatM
-
Mathematical Modelling
- MatST
-
Materials Science Technology
- MatTe
-
Matériaux et Techniques
- MatTr
-
Materials Transactions
- MathML
-
Mathematical Markup Language
- MeApp
-
Meteorological Applications
- MeReC
-
Mechanics Research Communications
- MeSH
-
Medical Subject Headings
- MeSJJ
-
Meteorological Society of Japan Journal
- MeSRM
-
Mémoires Scientifiques de la Revue de Métallurgie
- MeUpp
-
Meddelanden från Astronomiska Observatorium Uppsala
- MecEn
-
Mechanical Engineering
- MeeRe
-
Kenneth Mees Observatory Reprints
- MelAR
-
Melbourne Observatory Annual Report
- MelOO
-
Melbourne Observatory Observations
- MetMa
-
Meteorological Magazine
- MetPetDB
-
Metamorphic Petrology Database
MetPetDB (Metamorphic Petrology Database) is a geochemical database specific to metamorphic rock samples. It has been designed around the concept of preservation of spatial relationships, at all scales, of chemical analyses and their textural settings.
- MetRu
-
Meteorologische Rundschau
- MetZe
-
Meteorologische Zeitschrift
- MiARI
-
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg Mitteilungen
- MiElC
-
Military Electronics Countermeasures
- MiEng
-
Microelectronic Engineering
- MiGoe
-
Astronomische Mitteilungen der Universitäts-Sternwarte zu Göttingen
- MiI
-
Microelectronics International
- MiMic
-
Microscopy and Microanalysis
- MiOTL
-
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters
- MiRe
-
Microelectronics Reliability
- MiST
-
Microgravity Science and Technology
- MiZur
-
Astronomische Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Sternwarte Zürich
- MicEc
-
Microbial Ecology
- MicRe
-
University of Michigan Observatory Reprints
- MicgQ
-
Microgravity Quarterly
- MinDe
-
Mineralium Deposita
- MinM
-
Mineralogical Magazine
- MinPe
-
Mineralogy and Petrology
- MinPh
-
Mineral Physics
- MisSp
-
Missiles and Spacecraft
- MmASI
-
Memoirs of the Astronomical Society of India
- MmBAA
-
Memoirs of the British Astronomical Association
- MmCP
-
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
- MmEbr
-
Mémoires de l'Observatoire de l'Ebre
- MmKMO
-
Memoirs Of The Kakioka Magnetic Observatory
- MmKyo
-
Memoirs Faculty of Sciences University of Kyoto
- MmRAS
-
Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society
- MmSAI
-
Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana
- MoPhR
-
Molecular Physics Reports
- MoSim
-
Molecular Simulation
- MoTIS
-
Management of Technology and Information Systems
- MolPh
-
Molecular Physics
- MonAP
-
Communications du Département d'Astrophysique de la Faculté des Sciences de Mons
- MotZe
-
Motortechnische Zeitschrift
- MtSOM
-
Mount Stromlo Observatory Mimeographs
- MtSRe
-
Mount Stromlo Observatory Reprints
- MtWAR
-
Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatory Annual Report
- MtWRe
-
Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatory Reprints
- MÉSANGE
-
Modèle Économique de Simulation et d’ANalyse Générale de l’Économie
- MČR
-
Svaz modelářů České Republiky
- NA
-
Network Aspects
- NA
-
Na Náisiúin Aontaithe (https://www.un.org/)
NA is equivalent to UN (Unuiĝintaj Nacioj) in Esperanto, ONU (Organisation des Nations Unies) in French, ONU (Organizazión d'as Nazions Unitas) in Aragonese, ААН (Арганіза́цыя Аб'ядна́ных На́цый) in Belarusian, VN (Verenigde Nasies) in Afrikaans, ONU (Organización de les Naciones Uníes) in Asturian, OOH (Организацията на обединените нации) in Bulgarian, ABU (Aozadur ar Broadoù Unanet) in Breton, OSN (Organizace Spojených Národů) in Czech, ПНО (Пĕрлешнĕ Нацисен Организацийĕ) in Chuvash, ՄԱԿ (Միավորված Ազգերի Կազմակերպություն) in Armenian, FN (Feriene Naasjes) in Frisian, UN (United Nations) in English, NBE (Nazio Batuen Erakundea) in Basque, ONU (Organizacion de las Nacions Unidas) in Occitan, UN (Unuiĝinta Naciaro) in Esperanto, UN (Ujedinjeni Narodi) in Bosnian, CN (Consociatio Nationum) in Latin, FN (Forenede Nationer) in Danish, UN (Unionita Nacioni) in Ido, ONU (Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite) in Italian, KU (Kenedhlow Unys) in Cornish, ONU (Organització de les Nacions Unides) in Catalan, ΟΗΕ (Οργανισμός Ηνωμένων Εθνών) in Greek, ΗΕ (Ηνωμένα Έθνη) in Greek, ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas) in Spanish, VN (Vereinte Nationen) in German, VN (Verenigde Naties) in Dutch, VN (Vereent Natiounen) in Letzeburgesh, ООН (Организация Oбъединённых Hаций) in Russian, ONU (Organisacion des Nacions Unies) in Franco-Provençal, ONZ (Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych) in Polish, BMT (Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti) in Uzbek, ООН (Організація Об'єднаних Націй) in Ukrainian, BM (Birleşmiş Milletler) in Turkish, LHiQ (Liên Hiệp Quốc) in Vietnamese, OKB (Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara) in Albanian, OSN (Organizácia Spojených národov) in Slovak, OZN (Organizacija Združenih Narodov) in Slovenian, УН (Уједињене нације) in Serbian, FN (Förenta nationerna) in Swedish, UM (Umoja wa Mataifa) in Swahili, NU (Nazzioni Uniti) in Sicilian, ONU (Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite) in Romanian, ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas) in Portuguese, VN (Vereenten Natschonen) in Low German, ST (Sameindu Tjóðir) in Faroese, HN (Huñusqa Nasyunkuna) in Quechuan languages, PBB (Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu) in Malay, NY (Neteweyên Yekbûyî) in Kurdish, ÜRO (Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon) in Estonian, SÞ (Sameinuðu þjóðanna) in Icelandic, ЕМрО (Еидгылоу Амилаҭқәа Рорганизациа) in Abkhazian, ДЛО (Дунэе Лъэпкъ Организацие) in Adyghe, የተ.መ.ድ. (የተባበሩት መንግሥታት ድርጅት) in Amharic, ЦМГІ (Цолъарал Миллатазул ГІуцІи) in Avar, BMT (Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatı) in Azerbaijani, VN (Vaoantn Nationa) in Austro-Bavarian, JTO (Jongtėniu Tautū Uorganėzacėjė) in Samogitian, БМО (Берләшкән Милләттәр Ойошмаһы) in Bashkir, НҮБ (Нэгэдэһэн Үндэһэтэнэй Байгуулга) in the BXR language, BM (Birleşken Milletler) in Crimean Tatar, CU (Cenhedloedd Unedig) in Welsh, ONU (Organización las Nacionis Unías) in Extremaduran, އ.ދ (އެކުވެރި ދައުލަތްތައް) in Dhivehi, ÜRO (Ütistünüisi Rahvidõ Organisatsiuun) in Võro, ÜR (Ütistünüq Rahvaq) in Võro, YK (Yhdistyneet kansakunnat) in Finnish, ONU (Organizazion des Nazions Unidis) in Friulian, ONI (Organizasyon di sé Nasyonzini) in French Guianese Creole, ONU (Organización das Nacións Unidas) in Galician, AU (Ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit) in Manx, UN (United Nations) in Fiji Hindi, UN (Ujedinjeni narodi) in Croatian, ENSZ (Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete) in Hungarian, ՄԱԿ (Միաւորուած Ազգերու Կազմակերպութիւն) in Western Armenian, ONU (Organisation del Nationes Unite) in Interlingua, PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Indonesian, OUN (Organisation del Unit Nationes) in Interlingue, PBB (Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Javanese, BMSh (Birlesken Milletler Shólkemi) in Karakalpak, გაერო (გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაცია) in Georgian, ЛъЗ (Лъэпкъ Зэгуэтхэр) in Kabardian, БМО (Бирлешген Миллетлени Организациясы) in Karachay-Balkar, ӦВК (Ӧтувтчӧм Войтыръяслӧн Котыр) in Komi, БУУ (Бириккен Улуттар Уюму) in Kirghiz, СМТ (Садхьанвай миллетрин тешкилат) in the LEZ language, NU (Nasiones Unida) in Lingua Franca Nova, VN (Verenigde Naties) in Limburgish, ÜNU (Urganizaziun di Naziun Ünii) in Lombard, LIBIMO (Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Mokili mobimba) in Lingala, LBM (Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́) in Lingala, JTO (Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija) in Lithuanian, ANO (Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija) in Latvian, PBB (Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Bilma Kanuri, FM (Firenena Mikambana) in the MLG language, ИНО (Иктыш ушнышо Наций-влак Организаций) in the MHR language, PBB (Pasarikatan Banso-Banso) in the MIN language, ООН (Организација на обединетите нации) in Macedonian, НҮБ (Нэгдсэн Үндэстний Байгууллага) in Mongolian, संरा (संयुक्त राष्ट्रे) in Marathi, SN (Dei sameinte nasjonane) in Nynorsk, FN (De forente nasjoner) in Norwegian, ߡ.ߟ.ߛ (ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ) in the NQO language, ONE (Organisatioun des Natiouns Eunies) in Norman, ИНО (Иугонд Нациты Организаци) in Ossetian, HA (Huñusqa Aylluskakuna) in Quechuan languages, ONU (Organisassion dle Nassion Unìe) in Piedmontese, ONU (Organisaziun da las Naziuns unidas) in Romansh, ОЗН (Орґанізація Зъєдиненых Націй) in Rusyn, ХНТ (Холбоһуктаах Нациялар Тэрилтэлэрэ) in Yakut, UNO (Unitit Naitions Organisation) in Scots, UN (Unitit Naitions) in Scots, ON (Ovttastuvvan Našuvnnat) in Northern Sami, MNP (Mubatanidzwa weNyika Pasirose) in Shona, QM (Qaramada Midoobay) in Somali, OKB (Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara) in Albanian, PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Sundanese, СММ (Созмони Милали Муттаҳид) in Tajik, BMG (Birleşen Milletler Guramasy) in Turkmen, БМО (Берләшкән Милләтләр Оешмасы) in Tatar, ОНО (Огазеяськем Нациослэн Организацизы) in Udmurt, ONU (Organixasion dełe Nasion Unìe) in Venetian, ÜRO (Ühtenzoittud Rahvahiden Organizacii) in Veps, ÜRK (Ühthižrahvazkundad) in Veps, ÜN (Ühtištetad Nacijad) in Veps, NNP (Nogan Netas Pebalöl) in Volapük, ONU (Organizåcion des Nåcions Uneyes) in Walloon, KMX (Kureelu Mbootayu Xeet yi) in Wolof, AOA (Àgbájọ àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Aṣòkan) in Yoruba.
- NAA
-
North American Aircraft
- NAAAID
-
National Association of Americans of Asian Indian Descent
- NAAAP
-
National Association of Asian American Professionals
- NAAB
-
National Association of Animal Breeders (www.naab-css.org)
- NAACLT
-
North American Association for Celtic Language Teachers (http://www.naaclt.org)
- NAACP
-
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- NAAEE
-
National American Association of Environmental Education (www.naaee.org)
- NAAL
-
North American Aerodynamic Laboratory
- NAATA
-
National Asian American Telecommunications Association
- NAB
-
Nieuw-Amsterdamse Boys
- NABA
-
North American Broadcasters Association (https://nabanet.com/)
- NABR
-
National Association for Biomedical Research (www.nabr.org)
- NABS
-
Nomenclature pour l'Analyse et la comparaison des Budgets et des programmes Scientifiques
- NABT
-
National Association of Biology Teachers (www.nabt.org)
- NAC
-
NOAD Advendo Combinatie
- NACA
-
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
- NACBS
-
North American Conference on British Studies
- NACCP
-
National Association of Child Care Professionals
- NACEC
-
North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (www.cec.org)
NACEC is equivalent to CCAAN (Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental de América del Norte) in Spanish, CNACE (Commission Nord-Américaine de Coopération Environnementale) in French, CNACA (Comissão Norte-americana de Cooperação Ambiental) in Portuguese.
- NACS
-
Nordic Association for China Studies
- NACUBO
-
National Association of College and University Business Officers (www.nacubo.org)
- NAD
-
Network Adapter Device
- NADIR
-
Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter
- NADS
-
Norwegian Association for Defence Suppliers
- NAEB
-
National Association of Educational Buyers
- NAEC
-
Northeast Asia Economic Conference
- NAEP
-
National Association of Educational Procurement (https://www.naepnet.org/)
- NAERIC
-
North American Equine Ranching Information Council
- NAES
-
National Association for Ethnic Studies
- NAEYC
-
National Association for the Education of Young Children
- NAF
-
Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa
NAF is equivalent to AFI (Alfabetul Fonetic Internaţional) in Romanian, LFE (Lizherenneg Fonetikel Etrebroadel) in Breton, МФА (Международната фонетична азбука) in Bulgarian, IPA (Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet) in Tosk, AFI (Alfabet Fonètic Internacional) in Catalan, IFA (Internacia Fonetika Alfabeto) in Esperanto, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) in English, ΔΦΑ (Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο) in Greek, IPA (Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet) in German, API (Alphabet Phonétique International) in French, AFI (Alfabeto Fonético Internacional) in Spanish, AFI (Alfabeto Fonético Internacional) in Galician, IPA (Internationaalt Phonetescht Alphabet) in Letzeburgesh, AFI (Alfabeto Fonetico Internazionale) in Italian, МФА (Международный фонетический алфавит) in Russian, AFI (Alfabeto Fonético Internacional) in Portuguese, AFI (Alfabet Fonetic Internacionau) in Occitan, AFE (Alfabet Fonetike Eternåcionå) in Walloon, IFA (Internationoal Fonetisch Alfabet) in West Flemish, AFN (Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar) in Albanian, IFA (Internasionale Fonetiese Alfabet) in Afrikaans, AFI (Alfabetu Fonéticu Internacional) in Asturian, ХГЬА (Халкъаздагьоркьосеб гьаркьазул алфавит) in Avar, IPA (Internationals Phonetischs Alphabet) in Austro-Bavarian, ХАФӘ́ (Халыҡ-ара фонетик алфавит) in Bashkir, МФА (Міжнародны фанетычны алфавіт) in Belarusian, AFE (Alfabèt Fonètico Entèrnacionâl) in Franco-Provençal, YFA (Ynternasjonaal Fonetysk Alfabet) in Frisian, AIF (Aibítir Idirnáisiúnta Foghraíochta) in Irish, API (Alphabeto Phonetic International) in Interlingua, IPA (Internasional a Ponetiko nga Alpabeto) in Ilocano, IFA (Internaciona Fonetik Alfabeto) in Ido, AFN (Alfabeya Fonetîk a Navneteweyî) in Kurdish, API (Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale) in Latin, AFI (Alfabeta Fonetical Internasional) in Lingua Franca Nova, TFA (Tarptautinė Fonetinė Abėcėlė) in Lithuanian, МФА (Меѓународна фонетска азбука) in Macedonian, AFA (Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa) in Malay, AFI (Abc Fonético Anternacional) in the MWL language, IPA (Internatschonal Phoneetsch Alphabet) in Low German, IFA (Internasjonale Fonetiske Alfabetet) in Norwegian, AFI (Alfabèt Fonétiko Internashonal) in Papiamento, IPA (Innernatiunaal Phoneddisch Alphebedd) in the PDC language, EFA (Entanashunal Fonetikl Alfabet) in Pitkern, MAF (Międzynarodowy Alfabet Fonetyczny) in Polish, AFI (Alfabet Fonétich Intërnassional) in Piedmontese, IPA (Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet) in Scots, МФА (Међународна фонетска абецеда) in Serbian, AFI (Alfabetu Fonétiku Internasionál) in Tetum, PPA (Pandaigdigang Ponetikong Alpabeto) in Tagalog, МФА (Міжнародний фонетичний алфавіт) in Ukrainian, LFB (Lafab Fonetik Bevünetik) in Volapük.
- NAFFAA
-
National Federation of Filipino American Associations
- NAFO
-
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (www.nafo.int)
- NAGMC
-
National Association of Girls and Mixed Clubs
- NAHIS
-
National Animal Health Information System
- NAHRA
-
North American Riding for the Handicapped Association
- NAIA
-
National Animal Interest Alliance (www.naiaonline.org)
- NAICS
-
North American Industry Classification System
- NAJAKS
-
Nordic Association for Japanese and Korean Studies
- NAJS
-
Nordic Association for the Study of Contemporary Japanese Society
- NAL
-
National Agricultural Library (www.nal.usda.gov)
- NAM
-
National Association of Manufacturers
- NAM
-
Nuclear Assessment Methodology
- NAMIC
-
News Agencies Multilingual Information Categorization
- NAMM
-
National Association of Music Merchants
- NAMS
-
North American Micropaleontology Section
- NANB
-
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
- NAOMI
-
North American OpenMath Initiative
- NAP
-
National Action Plan
- NAP
-
National Action Programme
- NAP
-
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil
- NAPABA
-
National Asian Pacific American Bar Association
- NAPCC
-
National Animal Poison Control Center
The abbreviation NAPCC (National Animal Poison Control Center) includes abbreviations APCC (Animal Poison Control Center) and CC (Control Center).
- NAPCTC
-
North American Policy Council for OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Testing and Certification
- NAPH
-
National Association of Professors of Hebrew (http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/naph/)
- NAPPS
-
National Association of Professional Pet Sitters (www.petsitters.org)
- NAR
-
Numerical Analysis Research
- NAR
-
Nucleic Acids Research
- NAR
-
National Association of Realtors
- NARAFI
-
Nationaal Radio- en Filmtechnisch Instituut
- NAREGI
-
National Research GRID Initiative (www.naregi.org)
- NARS
-
National Archives and Record Services
- NAS
-
Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation
- NAS
-
National Academy of Sciences
- NAS
-
Network Attached Storage
- NAS
-
National Aircraft Standard
- NAS
-
Nonavionics Simulator
- NAS
-
Na Arbeid Sport
- NASA
-
Nordic Association for South Asian Studies
- NASAC
-
NASA Conference Publication
- NASAL
-
NASA Circular Letter
- NASAR
-
NASA Reference Publication
- NASAS
-
NASA Special Publication
- NASCGW
-
Nijmeegse Arbeiders Sport Club Groen Wit
- NASDA
-
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (www.nasda.org)
- NASDAQ
-
National Association for Security Dealers and Automatic Quotation
- NASDAQ
-
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
- NASEAS
-
Nordic Association of Southeast Asian Studies