Abbreviations related to the theme ‘Knowledge, information and institutions’
Science and knowledge, organization, computer science, information, documentation, librarianship, institutions, publications.
- Code
-
Meaning
Language
Themes and places
- UNICE
-
Union des Confédérations de l'Industrie et des Employeurs d'Europe
- UNICEF
-
United Nations Children’s Fund (https://www.unicef.org/)
The abbreviation UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNICEM
-
Union Nationale des Industries de Carrières et Matériaux de Construction (www.unicem.fr)
- UNICRI
-
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (www.unicri.it)
The abbreviation UNICRI (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNIDIR
-
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (https://unidir.org/)
The abbreviation UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNIDO
-
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (https://www.unido.org/)
The abbreviation UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
UNIDO is equivalent to OUNID (Organizo de la Unuiĝintaj Nacioj por Industria Disvolvado) in Esperanto.
- UNIFA
-
Union Nationale des Industries Françaises de l'Ameublement
- UNIFEM
-
United Nations Development Fund for Women
The abbreviation UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNIFIL
-
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (https://unifil.unmissions.org/)
The abbreviation UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNIO
-
Uw Naam Is Overwinnaar
- UNIPEDE
-
UNion Internationale des Producteurs Et Distributeurs d'Énergie Électrique
- UNITAR
-
United Nations Institute for Training and Research
The abbreviation UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and Research) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNITEC
-
Unione Nazionale Industrie Tecniche Cinematografiche Audiovisive
- UNKRA
-
United Nations Korean Relief Agency
The abbreviation UNKRA (United Nations Korean Relief Agency) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNL
-
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (https://www.unl.edu/)
- UNL
-
Union Nationale Lycéenne
- UNL
-
Universal Networking Language
- UNNPR
-
Uniunea Naţională a Notarilor Publici din România
- UNNSM
-
United States National Slavery Museum
- UNO
-
Unitit Naitions Organisation (https://www.un.org/)
UNO is equivalent to UN (Unuiĝintaj Nacioj) in Esperanto, ONU (Organisation des Nations Unies) in French, ONU (Organizazión d'as Nazions Unitas) in Aragonese, ААН (Арганіза́цыя Аб'ядна́ных На́цый) in Belarusian, VN (Verenigde Nasies) in Afrikaans, ONU (Organización de les Naciones Uníes) in Asturian, OOH (Организацията на обединените нации) in Bulgarian, ABU (Aozadur ar Broadoù Unanet) in Breton, OSN (Organizace Spojených Národů) in Czech, ПНО (Пĕрлешнĕ Нацисен Организацийĕ) in Chuvash, ՄԱԿ (Միավորված Ազգերի Կազմակերպություն) in Armenian, FN (Feriene Naasjes) in Frisian, UN (United Nations) in English, NBE (Nazio Batuen Erakundea) in Basque, ONU (Organizacion de las Nacions Unidas) in Occitan, UN (Unuiĝinta Naciaro) in Esperanto, UN (Ujedinjeni Narodi) in Bosnian, CN (Consociatio Nationum) in Latin, FN (Forenede Nationer) in Danish, UN (Unionita Nacioni) in Ido, ONU (Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite) in Italian, KU (Kenedhlow Unys) in Cornish, ONU (Organització de les Nacions Unides) in Catalan, ΟΗΕ (Οργανισμός Ηνωμένων Εθνών) in Greek, ΗΕ (Ηνωμένα Έθνη) in Greek, ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas) in Spanish, VN (Vereinte Nationen) in German, VN (Verenigde Naties) in Dutch, VN (Vereent Natiounen) in Letzeburgesh, ООН (Организация Oбъединённых Hаций) in Russian, ONU (Organisacion des Nacions Unies) in Franco-Provençal, ONZ (Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych) in Polish, BMT (Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti) in Uzbek, ООН (Організація Об'єднаних Націй) in Ukrainian, BM (Birleşmiş Milletler) in Turkish, LHiQ (Liên Hiệp Quốc) in Vietnamese, OKB (Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara) in Albanian, OSN (Organizácia Spojených národov) in Slovak, OZN (Organizacija Združenih Narodov) in Slovenian, УН (Уједињене нације) in Serbian, FN (Förenta nationerna) in Swedish, UM (Umoja wa Mataifa) in Swahili, NU (Nazzioni Uniti) in Sicilian, ONU (Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite) in Romanian, ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas) in Portuguese, VN (Vereenten Natschonen) in Low German, ST (Sameindu Tjóðir) in Faroese, HN (Huñusqa Nasyunkuna) in Quechuan languages, PBB (Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu) in Malay, NA (Na Náisiúin Aontaithe) in Irish, NY (Neteweyên Yekbûyî) in Kurdish, ÜRO (Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon) in Estonian, SÞ (Sameinuðu þjóðanna) in Icelandic, ЕМрО (Еидгылоу Амилаҭқәа Рорганизациа) in Abkhazian, ДЛО (Дунэе Лъэпкъ Организацие) in Adyghe, የተ.መ.ድ. (የተባበሩት መንግሥታት ድርጅት) in Amharic, ЦМГІ (Цолъарал Миллатазул ГІуцІи) in Avar, BMT (Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatı) in Azerbaijani, VN (Vaoantn Nationa) in Austro-Bavarian, JTO (Jongtėniu Tautū Uorganėzacėjė) in Samogitian, БМО (Берләшкән Милләттәр Ойошмаһы) in Bashkir, НҮБ (Нэгэдэһэн Үндэһэтэнэй Байгуулга) in the BXR language, BM (Birleşken Milletler) in Crimean Tatar, CU (Cenhedloedd Unedig) in Welsh, ONU (Organización las Nacionis Unías) in Extremaduran, އ.ދ (އެކުވެރި ދައުލަތްތައް) in Dhivehi, ÜRO (Ütistünüisi Rahvidõ Organisatsiuun) in Võro, ÜR (Ütistünüq Rahvaq) in Võro, YK (Yhdistyneet kansakunnat) in Finnish, ONU (Organizazion des Nazions Unidis) in Friulian, ONI (Organizasyon di sé Nasyonzini) in French Guianese Creole, ONU (Organización das Nacións Unidas) in Galician, AU (Ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit) in Manx, UN (United Nations) in Fiji Hindi, UN (Ujedinjeni narodi) in Croatian, ENSZ (Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete) in Hungarian, ՄԱԿ (Միաւորուած Ազգերու Կազմակերպութիւն) in Western Armenian, ONU (Organisation del Nationes Unite) in Interlingua, PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Indonesian, OUN (Organisation del Unit Nationes) in Interlingue, PBB (Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Javanese, BMSh (Birlesken Milletler Shólkemi) in Karakalpak, გაერო (გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაცია) in Georgian, ЛъЗ (Лъэпкъ Зэгуэтхэр) in Kabardian, БМО (Бирлешген Миллетлени Организациясы) in Karachay-Balkar, ӦВК (Ӧтувтчӧм Войтыръяслӧн Котыр) in Komi, БУУ (Бириккен Улуттар Уюму) in Kirghiz, СМТ (Садхьанвай миллетрин тешкилат) in the LEZ language, NU (Nasiones Unida) in Lingua Franca Nova, VN (Verenigde Naties) in Limburgish, ÜNU (Urganizaziun di Naziun Ünii) in Lombard, LIBIMO (Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Mokili mobimba) in Lingala, LBM (Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́) in Lingala, JTO (Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija) in Lithuanian, ANO (Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija) in Latvian, PBB (Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Bilma Kanuri, FM (Firenena Mikambana) in the MLG language, ИНО (Иктыш ушнышо Наций-влак Организаций) in the MHR language, PBB (Pasarikatan Banso-Banso) in the MIN language, ООН (Организација на обединетите нации) in Macedonian, НҮБ (Нэгдсэн Үндэстний Байгууллага) in Mongolian, संरा (संयुक्त राष्ट्रे) in Marathi, SN (Dei sameinte nasjonane) in Nynorsk, FN (De forente nasjoner) in Norwegian, ߡ.ߟ.ߛ (ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ) in the NQO language, ONE (Organisatioun des Natiouns Eunies) in Norman, ИНО (Иугонд Нациты Организаци) in Ossetian, HA (Huñusqa Aylluskakuna) in Quechuan languages, ONU (Organisassion dle Nassion Unìe) in Piedmontese, ONU (Organisaziun da las Naziuns unidas) in Romansh, ОЗН (Орґанізація Зъєдиненых Націй) in Rusyn, ХНТ (Холбоһуктаах Нациялар Тэрилтэлэрэ) in Yakut, UN (Unitit Naitions) in Scots, ON (Ovttastuvvan Našuvnnat) in Northern Sami, MNP (Mubatanidzwa weNyika Pasirose) in Shona, QM (Qaramada Midoobay) in Somali, OKB (Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara) in Albanian, PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Sundanese, СММ (Созмони Милали Муттаҳид) in Tajik, BMG (Birleşen Milletler Guramasy) in Turkmen, БМО (Берләшкән Милләтләр Оешмасы) in Tatar, ОНО (Огазеяськем Нациослэн Организацизы) in Udmurt, ONU (Organixasion dełe Nasion Unìe) in Venetian, ÜRO (Ühtenzoittud Rahvahiden Organizacii) in Veps, ÜRK (Ühthižrahvazkundad) in Veps, ÜN (Ühtištetad Nacijad) in Veps, NNP (Nogan Netas Pebalöl) in Volapük, ONU (Organizåcion des Nåcions Uneyes) in Walloon, KMX (Kureelu Mbootayu Xeet yi) in Wolof, AOA (Àgbájọ àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Aṣòkan) in Yoruba.
- UNOOSA
-
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
The abbreviation UNOOSA (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNOSDP
-
United Nations Office of Sport for Development and Peace
The abbreviation UNOSDP (United Nations Office of Sport for Development and Peace) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNOSTRA
-
Union Nationale des Organisations Syndicales de Transport Routier Automobile
- UNPG
-
Union Nationale des Producteurs de Granulats
- UNPG
-
Union Nationale de Producteurs de Granulats (www.unpg.fr)
- UNPLIB
-
Union Nationale des Professions Libérales et Intellectuelles de Belgique
- UNPR
-
Uniunea Naţională a Patronatului Român
- UNPRL
-
Uniunea Naţională a Practicienilor în Reorganizare şi Lichidare din România
- UNPSA
-
United Nations Programme on Space Applications
The abbreviation UNPSA (United Nations Programme on Space Applications) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNR
-
Université Numérique de Région
- UNRISD
-
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
The abbreviation UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNRWA
-
United Nations Relief and Works Agency (for Palestine Refugees in the Near East)
The abbreviation UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency (for Palestine Refugees in the Near East)) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNSA
-
Unione Nazionale Scrittori e Artisti
- UNSC
-
United Nations Space Command
The abbreviation UNSC (United Nations Space Command) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
UNSC is equivalent to CSNU (Commandement Spatial des Nations Unies) in French.
- UNSC
-
United Nations Security Council
The abbreviation UNSC (United Nations Security Council) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UNSC
-
Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire
- UNSFA
-
Union Nationale des Syndicats Français d'Architectes (www.unsfa.com)
- UNSS
-
Union Nationale du Sport Scolaire
- UNTA
-
União Nacional dos Trabalhadores Angolanos
- UNTEC
-
Union Nationale des Économistes de la Construction et des Coordonnateurs (www.untec.com)
- UNTSO
-
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
The abbreviation UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) includes the abbreviation UN (United Nations).
- UO
-
Unité d’Oeuvre
- UOD
-
Unique Oligo Design
- UOF
-
Unified Office Format
- UOIE
-
Union des Organisations Islamiques en Europe
- UOIF
-
Union des Organisations Islamiques de France
- UONI
-
Unité Opérationnelle Nationale Informatique
- UORI
-
Unité Opérationnelle de Réalisation Informatique
- UOS
-
Unité Opérationnelle Serval
- UOTI
-
Unité Opérationnelle de Technique Informatique
- UOW
-
Ubach-Over-Worms
- UP
-
Unité de Production
- UPA
-
Union Professionnelle Artisanale
- UPA
-
Usability Professionals' Association
- UPAEP
-
Union Postale des Amériques, de l’Espagne et du Portugal
- UPAP
-
Union Panafricaine des Postes
- UPAf
-
Union Postale Africaine
- UPB
-
Union Postale Balte
- UPC
-
Union des Photographes Créateurs (www.upc.fr)
- UPC
-
Université Populaire et Citoyenne (www.upc-roubaix.org)
- UPC
-
Union des Populations du Cameroun
- UPC
-
Union Postale des Caraïbes
- UPCP
-
Union Pour la Culture Populaire en Poitou-Charentes et Vendée
- UPCP
-
Unión del Personal Civil de la Provincia
- UPCP
-
Union Professionnelle de la Carte Postale (www.upcp.fr)
- UPF
-
Universal Patch Format
- UPF
-
Union des Producteurs de Films (www.upfilms.fr)
- UPFC
-
University of Plymouth Football Club
- UPFC
-
Utah Partnerships For Christ (www.upfc.org)
- UPGCAF
-
Union Professionnelle des Grossistes en Confiserie et Alimentation Fine
- UPGWA
-
United Plant Guard Workers of America
- UPL
-
Unapproved Parts List
- UPLR
-
Uniunea Profesiilor Liberale din România
- UPM
-
Union Postale pour la Méditerranée
- UPP
-
User Parameter Processor
- UPPN
-
Union Postale des Pays du Nord
- UPR
-
Unité Propre de Recherche
- UPRES
-
Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur
- UPSF
-
User Profile Server Function
- UPSOA
-
Union Postale du Sud et de l’Ouest de l’Asie
- UPTTS
-
Utrechtse PTT Sportclub
- UPU
-
Union Postale Universelle (www.upu.int)
UPU is equivalent to UPU (Universala Poŝt-Unio) in Esperanto, UPU (Universal Postal Union) in English.
- UPU
-
Universala Poŝt-Unio (www.upu.int)
UPU is equivalent to UPU (see above).
- UPU
-
Universal Postal Union (www.upu.int)
UPU is equivalent to UPU (see above).
- UR
-
Unsatisfactory Report
- URAC
-
United Radio Amateur Club
- URAC
-
Union des Républiques d’Afrique centrale
- URCAM
-
Union Régionale des Caisses d'Assurance Maladie
- URCAM
-
Unions Régionales des Caisses d'Assurance Maladie (www.urcam.fr)
- URCSE
-
Unité de Recherche Conception des Systèmes Électroniques
- URI
-
Uniform Resource Identifier
- URIOPSS
-
Union Régionale Interfédérale des Oeuvres et Organismes Privés Sanitaires et Sociaux
- URL
-
Uniform Resource Locator
- URL
-
Unuforma Rimeda Lokindiko
- URMLA
-
Union Régionale des Médecins Libéraux d’Alsace
- URN
-
Uniform Resource Name
- URPI
-
Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire sur l’Interculturalité
- URSSAF
-
Union pour le Recouvrement des cotisations de la Sécurité Sociale et des Allocations Familiales
- URW
-
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield
- USA2D/3D
-
Unified Solutions Algorithm 2-Dimensional/3-Dimensional
- USADSF
-
United States of America Deaf Sports Federation
- USAHA
-
United States Animal Health Association (https://www.usaha.org/)
- USAISC
-
United States Army Information Systems Command
- USAISEC
-
United States Army Information Systems Engineering Command
- USAISMA
-
United States Army Information Systems Management Activity
- USAISSSC
-
United States Army Information Systems Software Support Command
- USAMRIID
-
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
- USAP
-
Union des Société d'Autoroutes à Péage
- USB
-
Universal Serial Bus
- USB
-
Union Sportive de Biarritz
- USC
-
Unitas Saturnus Combinatie
- USCD
-
Union Sportive des Cheminots Dijonnais
- USCF
-
Union Sportive des Cheminots de France
- USCMH
-
United States Commission on Military History
- USE
-
Universala Slipa Enciklopedio
- USE
-
Union pour la Solidarité et l'Entraide
- USE
-
Universal Sentence Encoder
- USEIT
-
User Station Evaluation Integration and Test
- USEJ
-
Usona Esperantista Junularo (http://usej.org)
- USF
-
Union Suisse des Fiduciaires
USF is equivalent to STV (Schweizerischer Treuhänder-Verband) in German.
- USFF
-
United States Flag Foundation
- USFQ
-
Universidad San Francisco de Quito
- USGERES
-
Union de Syndicats et Groupements d'Employeurs Représentatifs dans l'Économie Sociale
- USHMM
-
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (https://www.ushmm.org/)
- USHSLA
-
United States Hide, Skin and Leather Association (https://www.ushsla.org/)
- USI
-
Update Software Identity
- USI
-
User System Interface
- USIP
-
United States Institute for Peace (www.usip.org)
- USIRF
-
Union des Syndicats de l’Industrie Routière Française
- USKA
-
Union Schweizerischer Kurzwellen-Amateure
- USMAG
-
Union Syndicale des Marchands d’Abats en Gros
- USML
-
United States Microgravity Laboratory
- USMT
-
Union Sportive Métropolitaine des Transports (https://us-metro.org/)
- USNOC
-
United States Naval Observatory Circulars
- USNOR
-
United States Naval Observatory Reports
- USO
-
Unión Sindical Obrera
- USOC
-
Unified System Orbit Computation
- USP
-
Universal Service Processor
- USPA
-
Union Syndicale de la Production Audiovisuelle (www.uspa.fr)
- USPFO
-
United States Property and Fiscal Officer
- USPL
-
Universal Signal Processing Library
- USPL
-
Union Suisse des Professions Libérales
- USR
-
Unité de Service et de Recherche
- USRA
-
Universities Space Research Association (https://www.usra.edu)
- USRFF
-
United States Rugby Football Foundation
- USRO
-
Union Sportive de Ris Orangis
- USS
-
United States Standard
- USSPI
-
Unione Sindacati Professionalisti Pubblico - Privato Impiego
- USV
-
Union Sport Vereniging
- USVU
-
Uitgeester Sport Vereniging Uitgeest
- USWA
-
United Steelworkers of America (www.uswa.org)
- UT
-
Universal Time
The abbreviation UT (Universal Time) is included in abbreviations such as UTC (Universal Time, Coordinated), CUT (Coordinated Universal Time) and UTC (Universal Time Compensated).
- UT
-
Unit Tester
- UT
-
Upplýsingatækni
UT is equivalent to IT (Information Technology) in English, IT (Informationstechnik) in German, IT (Inligtingstegnologie) in Afrikaans, TI (Tecnologia da Informação) in Portuguese, TI (Tecnoloxías da información) in Galician, OT (Ohjelmistotekniikka) in Finnish, IT (Informationsteknik) in Swedish, IT (Informacijska Tehnologija) in Slovenian, IT (Informačné Technológie) in Slovak, ІТ (Інформаційні технології) in Ukrainian, ИТ (Информационные технологии) in Russian, IT (Informa Teknologio) in Esperanto, TI (Tecnologías de la Información) in Spanish, IT (Informacinės Technologijos) in Lithuanian, IT (Informācijas Tehnoloģijas) in Latvian.
- UT
-
Unreal Tournament
- UTA
-
Union de Transports Aériens
- UTAC
-
Union Technique de l'Automobile et du Cycle
- UTC
-
Universal Time, Coordinated
The abbreviation UTC (Universal Time, Coordinated) includes the abbreviation UT (Universal Time).
- UTC
-
Universal Test Console
- UTC
-
Universal Time Compensated
The abbreviation UTC (Universal Time Compensated) includes the abbreviation UT (Universal Time).
- UTC
-
User Time Clock
- UTCL
-
Union des Travailleurs Communistes Libertaires
- UTE
-
Union Technique de l'Électricité et de la Communication
- UTE
-
Union Technique de l'Électricite
- UTE
-
Unuiĝo Togolanda por Esperanto
- UTE
-
Universal Test Equipment
The abbreviation UTE (Universal Test Equipment) includes the abbreviation TE (Test Equipment).
- UTF
-
Underwater Test Facility
The abbreviation UTF (Underwater Test Facility) includes the abbreviation TF (Test Facility).
- UTICA
-
Union Tunisienne de l'Industrie, du Commerce et de l'Artisanat
- UTM
-
Universal Turing Machine
- UTP
-
Union des Transports Publics
- UTRS
-
Universal Trouble Reporting System
- UTS
-
Universal Test Set
- UTS
-
Utrecht Türkiyemspor
- UUCP
-
Unix-to-Unix Copy
- UUHS
-
Unitarian Universalist Historical Society
- UV
-
Universala Vortaro
- UVCB
-
Union des Villes et Communes Belges (www.uvcb-vbsg.be)
UVCB is equivalent to VBSG (Vereniging van Belgische Steden en Gemeenten) in Dutch.
- UVISP
-
Unione Volontariato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo e la Pace
- UVL
-
Union Vélocipédique Luxembourgeoise
- UVPE
-
UV/Video Processing Electronics
- UVPL
-
Université Virtuelle des Pays de Loire
- UVS
-
Uit Vriendschap Saam
- UVV
-
Utrechtse Voetbal Vereniging
- UVV
-
Ulvenhoutse Voetbal Vereniging
- UVV
-
Ulrumse Voetbal Vereniging
- UWS
-
Urban Wildlife Society (www.urbanwildlifesociety.org)
- UYAP
-
Ulusal Yargı Ağı Projesi (https://uyap.gov.tr/)
- UYF
-
Union des Yachts Français
- UZF
-
Universitätszentrum für Friedensforschung (http://frieden.univie.ac.at)
- UkFiZ
-
Ukrainskii Fizicheskii Zhurnal
- UkMJ
-
Ukranian Mathematical Journal
UkMJ is equivalent to UkMaZ (Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal) in Russian.
- UkMaZ
-
Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal
UkMaZ is equivalent to UkMJ, UkMaZ (see above).
- UltIm
-
Ultrasonic Imaging
- Ultmi
-
Ultramicroscopy
- Ultra
-
Ultrasonics
- UnECR
-
University Electro-Communications Reports
- UniRx
-
Reactive Extensions for Unity
- UppAn
-
Uppsala Astronomical Observatory Annals
- UppOR
-
Uppsala Astronomical Observatory Reports
- V&DA
-
Video and Data Acquisition