Abbreviations related to the theme ‘Fundamentals of knowledge and culture’
Prolegomena, fundamentals of knowledge and culture, propaedeutics.
→ Civilization, culture, progress@
- Code
-
Meaning
Language
Themes and places
- TET
-
Trajectory Events Timeline
- TEXSYS
-
Thermal Control System Diagnosis Expert System
The abbreviation TEXSYS (Thermal Control System Diagnosis Expert System) includes the abbreviation ES (Expert System).
- TF
-
Test Facility
The abbreviation TF (Test Facility) is included in abbreviations such as AMTF (Acoustic Model Test Facility), ASTF (Aeropropulsion System Test Facility), DDTF (Dynamic Docking Test Facility), EPSTF (Electrical Power System Test Facility), ESTF (Electronic System Test Facility), ETF (Eglin Test Facility), FCSTF (Fuel Cell System Test Facility), FCTF (Fuel Cell Test Facility), GTF (Ground Test Facility), HFTF (Horizontal Flight Test Facility), HSTF (Hypergolic System Test Facility), IMTF (Integrated Manufacturing Test Facility), INTF (Interim National Test Facility), KTF (Kauai Test Facility), LETF (Launch Equipment Test Facility), MPTF (Main Propulsion Test Facility), MRTFB (Major Range and Test Facility Base), NATF (Naval Air Test Facility), NDTF (Nondestructive Test Facility), NTF (National Test Facility), OSTF (Off-Site Test Facility), SETF (Small-Engine Test Facility), SFTF (Static Firing Test Facility), SSPTF (Santa Susana Propulsion Test Facility), STF (Satellite Test Facility), STF (Spin Test Facility), TFU (Test Facility Utilization), UTF (Underwater Test Facility), VATF (Vibration and Acoustic Test Facility), VTF (Vertical Test Facility), WETF (Weightless Environment Test Facility), WSTF (White Sands Test Facility), DSTF (Delta Spin Test Facility) and HELSTF (High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility).
- TF
-
Test Fixture
- TF
-
Task Force
The abbreviation TF (Task Force) is included in abbreviations such as IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), CETF (Critical Evaluation Task Force), ITTF (Information Technology Task Force), HLTF (High Level Task Force), TFIG (Task Force Implementation Group), MPTF (Mission Planning Task Force), SATAF (Shuttle Activation Task Force), SATAF (Site Activation TAsk Force), FATF (Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering), TTF (Transition Task Force), BTTF (Technical Board Task Force), TFHTAP (Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution), DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force), DMTF (Desktop Management Task Force), SETAF (Southern European Task Force), EITF (Emergency Issues Task Force) and FTTTF (Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force).
- TFA
-
Tarptautinė Fonetinė Abėcėlė
TFA is equivalent to AFI (Alfabetul Fonetic Internaţional) in Romanian, LFE (Lizherenneg Fonetikel Etrebroadel) in Breton, МФА (Международната фонетична азбука) in Bulgarian, IPA (Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet) in Tosk, AFI (Alfabet Fonètic Internacional) in Catalan, IFA (Internacia Fonetika Alfabeto) in Esperanto, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) in English, ΔΦΑ (Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο) in Greek, IPA (Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet) in German, API (Alphabet Phonétique International) in French, AFI (Alfabeto Fonético Internacional) in Spanish, AFI (Alfabeto Fonético Internacional) in Galician, NAF (Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa) in Basque, IPA (Internationaalt Phonetescht Alphabet) in Letzeburgesh, AFI (Alfabeto Fonetico Internazionale) in Italian, МФА (Международный фонетический алфавит) in Russian, AFI (Alfabeto Fonético Internacional) in Portuguese, AFI (Alfabet Fonetic Internacionau) in Occitan, AFE (Alfabet Fonetike Eternåcionå) in Walloon, IFA (Internationoal Fonetisch Alfabet) in West Flemish, AFN (Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar) in Albanian, IFA (Internasionale Fonetiese Alfabet) in Afrikaans, AFI (Alfabetu Fonéticu Internacional) in Asturian, ХГЬА (Халкъаздагьоркьосеб гьаркьазул алфавит) in Avar, IPA (Internationals Phonetischs Alphabet) in Austro-Bavarian, ХАФӘ́ (Халыҡ-ара фонетик алфавит) in Bashkir, МФА (Міжнародны фанетычны алфавіт) in Belarusian, AFE (Alfabèt Fonètico Entèrnacionâl) in Franco-Provençal, YFA (Ynternasjonaal Fonetysk Alfabet) in Frisian, AIF (Aibítir Idirnáisiúnta Foghraíochta) in Irish, API (Alphabeto Phonetic International) in Interlingua, IPA (Internasional a Ponetiko nga Alpabeto) in Ilocano, IFA (Internaciona Fonetik Alfabeto) in Ido, AFN (Alfabeya Fonetîk a Navneteweyî) in Kurdish, API (Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale) in Latin, AFI (Alfabeta Fonetical Internasional) in Lingua Franca Nova, МФА (Меѓународна фонетска азбука) in Macedonian, AFA (Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa) in Malay, AFI (Abc Fonético Anternacional) in the MWL language, IPA (Internatschonal Phoneetsch Alphabet) in Low German, IFA (Internasjonale Fonetiske Alfabetet) in Norwegian, AFI (Alfabèt Fonétiko Internashonal) in Papiamento, IPA (Innernatiunaal Phoneddisch Alphebedd) in the PDC language, EFA (Entanashunal Fonetikl Alfabet) in Pitkern, MAF (Międzynarodowy Alfabet Fonetyczny) in Polish, AFI (Alfabet Fonétich Intërnassional) in Piedmontese, IPA (Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet) in Scots, МФА (Међународна фонетска абецеда) in Serbian, AFI (Alfabetu Fonétiku Internasionál) in Tetum, PPA (Pandaigdigang Ponetikong Alpabeto) in Tagalog, МФА (Міжнародний фонетичний алфавіт) in Ukrainian, LFB (Lafab Fonetik Bevünetik) in Volapük.
- TFHTAP
-
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution
The abbreviation TFHTAP (Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) includes the abbreviation TF (Task Force).
- TFI
-
Time From Ignition
- TFIG
-
Task Force Implementation Group
The abbreviation TFIG (Task Force Implementation Group) includes the abbreviation TF (Task Force).
- TFL
-
Telemetry Format Load
- TFL
-
Time From Launch
- TFLF
-
Task Force La Fayette
- TFR
-
Trouble and Failure Report
- TFS
-
Telemetry Format Selection
- TFS
-
Team Foundation Server
- TFU
-
Test Facility Utilization
The abbreviation TFU (Test Facility Utilization) includes the abbreviation TF (Test Facility).
- TFVC
-
Team Foundation Version Control
- TG
-
Test Guideline
- TG
-
Task Group
The abbreviation TG (Task Group) is included in abbreviations such as CTG (Commonality Task Group), PITG (Payload Integration Task Group), PODTG (Precision Orbit Determination Task Group), STG (Space Task Group) and TTG (Transition Task Group).
- TGA
-
Techniques de Gestion Administrative
- TGO
-
Time To Go
- TGOWG
-
Teleoperator Ground Operations Working Group
- TGPPL
-
Transitive Grace Period Public Licence
- THAP
-
Thermal/Hydraulic Analyzer Digital Computer Program
- THCM
-
Total Human Centric Management
- THDS
-
Time Homogeneous Data Set
- THE
-
The Hessling Editor
- THEMIS
-
Technologies et Modélisation des Infrastructures des Systèmes Électriques
- THG
-
Technical Harmonisation Group
- THM
-
Table des Horaires aMénagés
- TI
-
Tecnologia da Informação
TI is equivalent to IT (Information Technology) in English, IT (Informationstechnik) in German, IT (Inligtingstegnologie) in Afrikaans, TI (Tecnoloxías da información) in Galician, OT (Ohjelmistotekniikka) in Finnish, UT (Upplýsingatækni) in Icelandic, IT (Informationsteknik) in Swedish, IT (Informacijska Tehnologija) in Slovenian, IT (Informačné Technológie) in Slovak, ІТ (Інформаційні технології) in Ukrainian, ИТ (Информационные технологии) in Russian, IT (Informa Teknologio) in Esperanto, TI (Tecnologías de la Información) in Spanish, IT (Informacinės Technologijos) in Lithuanian, IT (Informācijas Tehnoloģijas) in Latvian.
- TI
-
Tecnoloxías da información
TI is equivalent to IT, OT, UT, ІТ, ИТ (see above).
- TI
-
Test Instruction
- TI
-
Timing Interface
- TI
-
Tecnologías de la Información
TI is equivalent to IT, OT, UT, ІТ, ИТ (see above).
- TIA
-
Terminologie et Intelligence Artificielle
- TIA
-
Telecommunications Industry Association (https://tiaonline.org/)
- TIATA
-
Technical Information And Training Authoring
- TIC
-
Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación
TIC is equivalent to IKT (Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie) in German, TIC (Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication) in French, ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in English, IKT (Informations- og kommunikationsteknologi) in Danish, IKT (Inligtings- en kommunikasietegnologie) in Afrikaans, ICT (Informatie- en Communicatietechnologie) in Dutch, TMK (Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi) in Malay, IKT (Informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi) in Norwegian, TIC (Tecnologies de la Informació i la Comunicació) in Catalan, IKT (Informazio eta Komunikazio Teknologia) in Basque, TIC (Tecnologia dell'Informazione e della Comunicazione) in Italian, IKT (Informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi) in Nynorsk.
- TIC
-
Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication
TIC is equivalent to IKT, ICT, TMK (see above).
- TIC
-
Technical Information Center
The abbreviation TIC (Technical Information Center) includes the abbreviation IC (Information Center).
- TIC
-
Tecnologies de la Informació i la Comunicació
TIC is equivalent to IKT, ICT, TMK (see above).
- TIC
-
Tecnologia dell'Informazione e della Comunicazione
TIC is equivalent to IKT, ICT, TMK (see above).
- TICM
-
Test Interface and Control Module
- TID
-
Tüm İnternet Derneği (www.tid.org.tr)
- TID
-
Telefónica Investigación y Desarrollo
- TIFF
-
Tagged Image File Format
- TIG
-
Time of/until Ignition
- TII
-
Tooling Inspection Instrumentation
- TIM
-
Technologie- und Innovationsmanagement
- TIM
-
Time-based Inductive Machine
- TIPEX
-
Test In Progress Executive
- TIPHON
-
Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks
The abbreviation TIPHON (Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks) includes the abbreviation IP (Internet Protocol).
- TIPS
-
Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
TIPS is equivalent to TRIZ (Teorija Rešenija Izobretatel´skich Zadač) in Russian.
- TIPS
-
Tile Information Processing System
- TIR
-
Temporary Installation Record
- TIR
-
Total Item Record
- TIS
-
Thematische Innovatiestimulering
De projecten Thematische Innovatiestimulering (TIS), gesteund door het Vlaamse Gewest, hebben tot doel innovatiestimulerende diensten aan te bieden aan een specifieke groep van bedrijven met eenzelfde technologische problematiek.
- TIS
-
Test Interface Subsystem
- TISI
-
Thai Industrial Standards Institute (https://www.tisi.go.th/)
- TISI
-
Technologies de l'Information appliquées aux Systèmes Industriels
- TISPAN
-
Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks
- TIWG
-
Technical Interface Working Group
The abbreviation TIWG (Technical Interface Working Group) includes the abbreviation IWG (Interface Working Group).
- TIWG
-
Test Integration Working Group
- TKP3KPK
-
Tim Koordinasi Penyiapan Penyusunan Perumusan Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan
- TLC
-
Teachable Language Comprehender
- TLCSC
-
Top-Level Computer Software Component
- TLD
-
Top Level Domain
- TLFF/C+C
-
Technical Level Feeders Forum/Conformance and Certification
- TLO
-
Top-Level Organization
- TLP
-
Thread Level Parallelism
- TLS
-
Transport Layer Security
- TLS
-
Time Line Sheet
- TM
-
Task Master
- TM
-
Technical Management
The abbreviation TM (Technical Management) is included in abbreviations such as TMB (Technical Management Board), TMIS (Technical Management Information System) and TMS (Technical Management System).
- TM
-
Technical Memorandum
- TM
-
Test Maintenance
- TM
-
Time Management
The abbreviation TM (Time Management) is included in the abbreviation TMP (Time Management Processor).
- TM
-
Turing Machine
- TMA
-
Tierce Maintenance Applicative
- TMAPI
-
Common Topic Map Application Programming Interface
The abbreviation TMAPI (Common Topic Map Application Programming Interface) includes the abbreviation API (Application Programming Interface).
- TMB
-
Technical Management Board
The abbreviation TMB (Technical Management Board) includes the abbreviation TM (Technical Management).
- TMBU
-
Table Maintenance Block Update
- TMC
-
Test Monitoring Console
- TMDE
-
Test, Measurement, and Diagnostic Equipment
- TME
-
Team für Marketing-Erfolge
- TMECO
-
Time of Main Engine Cutoff
- TMF
-
Transporter Maintenance Facility
- TMF
-
Trial Master File
- TMI
-
Test Method Instruction
- TMIS
-
Technical Management Information System
The abbreviation TMIS (Technical Management Information System) includes the abbreviation TM (Technical Management).
- TMIS
-
Theater Management Information System
- TMK
-
Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi
TMK is equivalent to TIC, IKT, ICT, TMK (see above).
- TMO
-
Test Management Order
- TMO
-
Test Manufacturing Order
The abbreviation TMO (Test Manufacturing Order) includes the abbreviation MO (Manufacturing Order).
- TMOPR
-
Telecommunications and Mission Operations Progress Report
The abbreviation TMOPR (Telecommunications and Mission Operations Progress Report) includes abbreviations MO (Mission Operations) and PR (Progress Report).
- TMP
-
Testing at Manufacturer's Premises
- TMP
-
Time Management Processor
The abbreviation TMP (Time Management Processor) includes the abbreviation TM (Time Management).
- TMS
-
Task Management System
- TMS
-
Technical Management System
The abbreviation TMS (Technical Management System) includes the abbreviation TM (Technical Management).
- TMS
-
Team Management Systems
- TN
-
Technical Note
The abbreviation TN (Technical Note) is included in abbreviations such as MSCTN (Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note) and NBSTN (National Bureau of Standards Technical Note).
- TNE
-
Territoire Numérique Educatif
- TNI
-
Technické Normalizační Informace
- TNO
-
(Nederlandse Organisatie voor) Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (https://www.tno.nl/)
- TNS
-
Transaction Network Services (www.tnsi.com)
- TNS
-
Total Network Solutions (www.tns.co.uk)
- TO
-
Task Order
- TO
-
Technical Order
The abbreviation TO (Technical Order) is included in abbreviations such as ATOS (Automated Technical Order System), GTO (Generic Technical Order) and TCTO (Time Compliance Technical Order).
- TOAD
-
Tool for Application Developers
- TOAD
-
Tool for Oracle Application Developers
- TOAST
-
The Oversized-Attribute Storage Technique
- TOC
-
Test Operations Center
- TOC
-
Test Operations Change
- TOCR
-
Transym Optical Character Recognition
The abbreviation TOCR (Transym Optical Character Recognition) includes the abbreviation OCR (Optical Character Recognition).
- TOD
-
Time Of Day
- TOF
-
Test Operations Facility
- TOLEDO
-
Toetsen en leren doeltreffend ondersteunen, elektronische leeromgeving
- TOM
-
Task Ordering Management
- TOM
-
Text Object Model
- TOMS
-
Transactions on Mathematical Software
- TON
-
Test Operation Notice
- TOP
-
Technical Operating Procedure
The abbreviation TOP (Technical Operating Procedure) includes the abbreviation OP (Operating Procedure).
- TOP
-
Technical Operations Procedure
- TOP
-
Test Operational Plan
- TOR
-
Technical Operating Report
- TOR
-
Test Operating Report
- TORA
-
Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
- TORa
-
Toolkit for Oracle
- TOS
-
Test Operating System
The abbreviation TOS (Test Operating System) includes the abbreviation OS (Operating System).
- TOS
-
Type Of Service
- TOS
-
Tape Operating System
The abbreviation TOS (Tape Operating System) includes the abbreviation OS (Operating System).
- TOSCA
-
Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications
- TP
-
Transaction Processing
The abbreviation TP (Transaction Processing) is included in the abbreviation OLTP (On Line Transaction Processing).
- TP
-
Test Purpose
The abbreviation TP (Test Purpose) is included in the abbreviation TSS&TP (Test Suite Structure and Test Purpose).
- TP
-
Test Point
- TP
-
Test Port
- TP
-
Test Procedure
The abbreviation TP (Test Procedure) is included in abbreviations such as AFTP (Air Force Test Procedure), ATP (Acceptance Test Procedure), FTP (Flight Test Procedure), GATP (Ground Acceptance Test Procedure), GATP (Ground Article Test Procedure), GSTP (Ground System Test Procedure), ITP (Informal Test Procedure), OTP (Operational Test Procedure), QTP (Qualification Test Procedure), STP (Software Test Procedure), TPDS (Test Procedures Development System), TPUN (Test Procedure Update Notice) and DTP (Detailed Test Procedure).
- TP
-
Time to Perigee
- TP
-
Test Plan
The abbreviation TP (Test Plan) is included in abbreviations such as ETP (Environmental Test Plan), ETP (Equipment Test Plan), GTP (General Test Plan), ITP (Informal Test Plan), ITP (Integrated Test Plan), LBTB (Launch Base Test Plan), LBTPP (Launch Base Test Plan/Procedure), MTP (Master Test Plan), MTP (Mission Test Plan), OSTP (Orbiting System Test Plan), QTP (Qualification Test Plan), SITP (System Integration Test Plan), SSITP (Shuttle System Integrated Test Plan), STP (Software Test Plan), TPCN (Test Plan Change Notice), VTP (Vehicle Test Plan), VTP (Verification Test Plan), VTPS (Vibroacoustic Test Plan Summary), DTP (Detailed Test Plan), DTP (Development Test Plan) and OTP (Outline Test Plan).
- TPA
-
Test Planning Analysis
- TPA
-
Test Preparation Area
- TPC
-
Technical Performance Criteria
- TPC
-
Telemetry Preprocessor Computer
- TPCN
-
Technical Program Change Negotiation
- TPCN
-
Test Plan Change Notice
The abbreviation TPCN (Test Plan Change Notice) includes abbreviations CN (Change Notice) and TP (Test Plan).
- TPDS
-
Test Procedures Development System
The abbreviation TPDS (Test Procedures Development System) includes the abbreviation TP (Test Procedure).
- TPE
-
Test Project Engineer
- TPE
-
Terminal de Paiement Électronique
- TPF
-
Traffic Plane Function
- TPM
-
Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium
TPM is equivalent to OMD (Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement) in French, MDG (Millennium Development Goals) in German, OSM (Obiettivi di Sviluppo del Millennio) in Italian, ODM (Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio) in Spanish, MDM (Metas de Desenvolvimento do Milênio) in Portuguese.
- TPM
-
Technical Performance Measurement
The abbreviation TPM (Technical Performance Measurement) is included in the abbreviation TPMS (Technical Performance Measurement System).
- TPM
-
Trusted Platform Modules
- TPM
-
Total Productive Maintenance
- TPMS
-
Transit Performance Monitoring System
The abbreviation TPMS (Transit Performance Monitoring System) includes the abbreviation PMS (Performance Monitoring System).
- TPMS
-
Technical Performance Measurement System
The abbreviation TPMS (Technical Performance Measurement System) includes abbreviations PMS (Performance Measurement System) and TPM (Technical Performance Measurement).
- TPMs
-
Technological Protection Measures
- TPO
-
Towarzystwo Przetwarzania Obrazów
- TPO
-
Test Program Outline
- TPR
-
Technical Progress Review
- TPR
-
Test Problem Report
The abbreviation TPR (Test Problem Report) includes the abbreviation PR (Problem Report).
- TPS
-
Test Preparation Sheet
The abbreviation TPS (Test Preparation Sheet) is included in the abbreviation TPSS (Test Preparation Sheet Summary).
- TPSS
-
Test Preparation Sheet Summary
The abbreviation TPSS (Test Preparation Sheet Summary) includes the abbreviation TPS (Test Preparation Sheet).
- TPTA
-
Transient Pressure Test Article
The abbreviation TPTA (Transient Pressure Test Article) includes the abbreviation TA (Test Article).
- TPUN
-
Test Procedure Update Notice
The abbreviation TPUN (Test Procedure Update Notice) includes the abbreviation TP (Test Procedure).
- TQC
-
Tel Que Construit
- TQI
-
Total Quality Involvement
- TQM
-
Total Quality Management
- TQP
-
Total Quality Program
- TR
-
Technical Report
The abbreviation TR (Technical Report) is included in abbreviations such as DTR (Draft Technical Report), PDTR (Proposed Draft Technical Report), ITR (Interim Technical Report) and SATR (Scientific And Technical Report).
- TR
-
Tape Recorder
The abbreviation TR (Tape Recorder) is included in abbreviations such as MTR (Magnetic Tape Recorder), TRCP (Tape Recorder Control Panel), TRR (Tape Recorder Reproducer), TRRU (Tape Recorder Reproducer Unit) and VTR (Video Tape Recorder).
- TR
-
Test Request
- TR
-
Time to Retrofire
- TR
-
Test Report
The abbreviation TR (Test Report) is included in abbreviations such as SCTR (System Conformance Test Report), PCTR (Protocol Conformance Test Report), LTR (Laboratory Test Report), PTR (Preliminary Test Report), QTR (Qualification Test Report) and STR (Software Test Report).
- TRA
-
Test Requirements Analysis
- TRA
-
Turnaround Requirements Analysis
- TRAC
-
Technical Recommendations Application Committee
- TRAC
-
Technical Recommendations Applications Committee
- TRACES
-
Travaux et Recherches Archéologiques sur les Cultures, les Espaces et les Sociétés (https://traces.univ-tlse2.fr/)
- TRAFO
-
Transdisziplinäres Forschen Geistes-, Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften
- TRAP
-
Transient Response Analysis Program
- TRB
-
Test Review Board
The abbreviation TRB (Test Review Board) includes the abbreviation RB (Review Board).
- TRCP
-
Tape Recorder Control Panel
The abbreviation TRCP (Tape Recorder Control Panel) includes abbreviations CP (Control Panel) and TR (Tape Recorder).
- TRD
-
Technical Requirements Data
- TRD
-
Technical Requirements Document
The abbreviation TRD (Technical Requirements Document) includes the abbreviation RD (Requirements Document).
- TRD
-
Test Requirements Document
The abbreviation TRD (Test Requirements Document) includes the abbreviation RD (Requirements Document).
- TRDDS
-
Teal Ruby Data Documentation System
- TREND
-
Technical Requirements Engineering Network Data Base
- TREP
-
Triticeae Repeat Sequence Database
- TRGD
-
Technical Requirements and Goals Document
- TRIM
-
Testing for Reliability by Incremented Maximization
- TRIS
-
Test and Reliability Information System
- TRIZ
-
Teorija Rešenija Izobretatel´skich Zadač
TRIZ is equivalent to TIPS, TRIZ (see above).
- TRKC
-
Transport Research Knowledge Centre
- TRL
-
Test Readiness List
- TRML
-
Temporized Reader Markup Language
- TRMS
-
Technical Requirements Management System
- TROLL
-
Troupe Redonnaise Orientée Logiciel Libre
- TRON
-
Time Rationale Organizational Notation
- TROPICS
-
TRansformations et Outils Informatiques Pour le Calcul Scientifique