• Suggest an abbreviation
• Add to bookmarks
• Print the page
• Search for an abbreviation

Abbreviations related to the theme ‘Mathematics and natural sciences’

Pure sciences and exact or mathematical sciences, including astronomy, mechanics and mathematical physics.

Code

Meaning

Language

Themes and places

K

Lizin

= K | Lysine | In English
= K | ليسين | In Arabic
= K | লাইসিন | In Bengali
= K | Lisina | In Catalan
= K | Lysin | In Czech
= K | Lysin | In German
= K | Lisina | In Spanish
= K | Lizino | In Laotian
= K | Lysine | In French
= K | 리신 | In Korean
= K | Lizin | In Croatian
= K | Lisin | In Indonesian
= K | Lisina | In Italian
= K | ליזין | In Hebrew
= K | Lizīns | In Latvian
= K | Lysin | In Letzeburgesh
= K | Lizinas | In Lithuanian
= K | Lysine | In Dutch
= K | リシン | In Japanese
= K | Lizyna | In Polish
= K | Lisina | In Portuguese
= K | Лизин | In Russian
= K | Lysiini | In Finnish
= K | Lizin | In Turkish
= K | Лізин | In Ukrainian
= K | 赖氨酸 | In Chinese languages

In Hungarian

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Lysine

= K (see above)

In Dutch

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

リシン

= K (see above)

In Japanese

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Lizyna

= K (see above)

In Polish

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Lisina

= K (see above)

In Portuguese

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Лизин

= K (see above)

In Russian

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Lysiini

= K (see above)

In Finnish

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Lizin

= K (see above)

In Turkish

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Лізин

= K (see above)

In Ukrainian

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

赖氨酸

= K (see above)

In Chinese languages

• Biochemistry, biophysics

K

Potassium

= K | Kalium | In Afrikaans
= K | بوتاسيوم | In Arabic
= K | Potasiu | In Asturian
= K | পটাশিয়াম | In Bengali
= K | Калій | In Belarusian
= K | Kalijum | In Bosnian
= K | Калий | In Bulgarian
= K | Potassi | In Catalan
= K | Draslík | In Czech
= K | Potassiu | In Corsican
= K | Potasiwm | In Welsh
= K | Kalium | In Danish
= K | Kalium | In German
= K | ޕޮޓޭސިއަމް | In Dhivehi
= K | Kaalium | In Estonian
= K | Κάλιο | In Greek
= K | Potasio | In Spanish
= K | Kalio | In Esperanto
= K | Potasio | In Basque
= K | پتاسیم | In Persian
= K | Potassium | In French
= K | Potassi | In Friulian
= K | Potaisiam | In Irish
= K | Potashum | In Manx
= K | Potasio | In Galician
= K | 칼륨 | In Korean
= K | Կալիում | In Armenian
= K | पोटासियम | In Hindi
= K | Kalij | In Croatian
= K | Kalio | In Ido
= K | Kalium | In Indonesian
= K | Kalín | In Icelandic
= K | Potassio | In Italian
= K | אשלגן | In Hebrew
= K | Kalium | In Javanese
= K | ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಶಿಯಮ್ | In Kannada
= K | Kali | In Swahili
= K | Potasyòm | In Haitian Creole
= K | Qelye | In Kurdish
= K | Kalium | In Latin
= K | Kālijs | In Latvian
= K | Kalium | In Letzeburgesh
= K | Kalis | In Lithuanian
= K | sodnrkali | In Lojban
= K | Kálium | In Hungarian
= K | Калиум | In Macedonian
= K | പൊട്ടാസ്യം | In Malayalam
= K | Konurehu | In Māori
= K | Kalium | In Malay
= K | Kalium | In Dutch
= K | カリウム | In Japanese
= K | Kalium | In Norwegian
= K | Kalium | In Nynorsk
= K | Kalium | NOV
= K | Potassi | In Occitan
= K | Kaliy | In Uzbek
= K | Kalium | In Low German
= K | Potas | In Polish
= K | Potássio | In Portuguese
= K | Potasiu | In Romanian
= K | Kalyu | In Quechuan languages
= K | Калий | In Russian
= K | Kaliumi | In Albanian
= K | Putassiu | In Sicilian
= K | Draslík | In Slovak
= K | Kalij | In Slovenian
= K | Калијум | In Serbian
= K | Kalij | In Serbo-Croatian
= K | Kalium | In Finnish
= K | Kalium | In Swedish
= K | โพแทสเซียม | In Thai
= K | Kali | In Vietnamese
= K | Калий | In Tajik
= K | Potasyum | In Turkish
= K | Калій | In Ukrainian
= K | وٹاشیم | In Urdu
= K | Potassiom | In Walloon
= K | Kalium | In West Flemish
= K | 钾 | In Chinese languages

In English

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Afrikaans

• Chemistry

K

بوتاسيوم

= K (see above)

In Arabic

• Chemistry

K

Potasiu

= K (see above)

In Asturian

• Chemistry

K

পটাশিয়াম

= K (see above)

In Bengali

• Chemistry

K

Калій

= K (see above)

In Belarusian

• Chemistry

K

Kalijum

= K (see above)

In Bosnian

• Chemistry

K

Калий

= K (see above)

In Bulgarian

• Chemistry

K

Potassi

= K (see above)

In Catalan

• Chemistry

K

Draslík

= K (see above)

In Czech

• Chemistry

K

Potassiu

= K (see above)

In Corsican

• Chemistry

K

Potasiwm

= K (see above)

In Welsh

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Danish

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In German

• Chemistry

K

ޕޮޓޭސިއަމް

= K (see above)

In Dhivehi

• Chemistry

K

Kaalium

= K (see above)

In Estonian

• Chemistry

K

Κάλιο

= K (see above)

In Greek

• Chemistry

K

Potasio

= K (see above)

In Spanish

• Chemistry

K

Kalio

= K (see above)

In Esperanto

• Chemistry

K

Potasio

= K (see above)

In Basque

• Chemistry

K

پتاسیم

= K (see above)

In Persian

• Chemistry

K

Potassium

= K (see above)

In French

• Chemistry

K

Potassi

= K (see above)

In Friulian

• Chemistry

K

Potaisiam

= K (see above)

In Irish

• Chemistry

K

Potashum

= K (see above)

In Manx

• Chemistry

K

Potasio

= K (see above)

In Galician

• Chemistry

K

칼륨

= K (see above)

In Korean

• Chemistry

K

Կալիում

= K (see above)

In Armenian

• Chemistry

K

पोटासियम

= K (see above)

In Hindi

• Chemistry

K

Kalij

= K (see above)

In Croatian

• Chemistry

K

Kalio

= K (see above)

In Ido

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Indonesian

• Chemistry

K

Kalín

= K (see above)

In Icelandic

• Chemistry

K

Potassio

= K (see above)

In Italian

• Chemistry

K

אשלגן

= K (see above)

In Hebrew

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Javanese

• Chemistry

K

ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಶಿಯಮ್

= K (see above)

In Kannada

• Chemistry

K

Kali

= K (see above)

In Swahili

• Chemistry

K

Potasyòm

= K (see above)

In Haitian Creole

• Chemistry

K

Qelye

= K (see above)

In Kurdish

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Latin

• Chemistry

K

Kālijs

= K (see above)

In Latvian

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Letzeburgesh

• Chemistry

K

Kalis

= K (see above)

In Lithuanian

• Chemistry

K

sodnrkali

= K (see above)

In Lojban

• Chemistry

K

Kálium

= K (see above)

In Hungarian

• Chemistry

K

Калиум

= K (see above)

In Macedonian

• Chemistry

K

പൊട്ടാസ്യം

= K (see above)

In Malayalam

• Chemistry

K

Konurehu

= K (see above)

In Māori

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Malay

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Dutch

• Chemistry

K

カリウム

= K (see above)

In Japanese

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Norwegian

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Nynorsk

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

[NOV]

• Chemistry

K

Potassi

= K (see above)

In Occitan

• Chemistry

K

Kaliy

= K (see above)

In Uzbek

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Low German

• Chemistry

K

Potas

= K (see above)

In Polish

• Chemistry

K

Potássio

= K (see above)

In Portuguese

• Chemistry

K

Potasiu

= K (see above)

In Romanian

• Chemistry

K

Kalyu

= K (see above)

In Quechuan languages

• Chemistry

K

Калий

= K (see above)

In Russian

• Chemistry

K

Kaliumi

= K (see above)

In Albanian

• Chemistry

K

Putassiu

= K (see above)

In Sicilian

• Chemistry

K

Draslík

= K (see above)

In Slovak

• Chemistry

K

Kalij

= K (see above)

In Slovenian

• Chemistry

K

Калијум

= K (see above)

In Serbian

• Chemistry

K

Kalij

= K (see above)

In Serbo-Croatian

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Finnish

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In Swedish

• Chemistry

K

โพแทสเซียม

= K (see above)

In Thai

• Chemistry

K

Kali

= K (see above)

In Vietnamese

• Chemistry

K

Калий

= K (see above)

In Tajik

• Chemistry

K

Potasyum

= K (see above)

In Turkish

• Chemistry

K

Калій

= K (see above)

In Ukrainian

• Chemistry

K

وٹاشیم

= K (see above)

In Urdu

• Chemistry

K

Potassiom

= K (see above)

In Walloon

• Chemistry

K

Kalium

= K (see above)

In West Flemish

• Chemistry

K

钾

= K (see above)

In Chinese languages

• Chemistry

K

Kelvin

In many languages

KAERI

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (https://www.kaeri.re.kr/eng/)

In English

• Research institutes
• Atomic physics
• Nuclear technology
• South Korea

KAEST

Konferenco pri Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko

In Esperanto

• Conferences
• Applied sciences
• Esperanto

KAM

Kwetsbaarheid, Adaptatie, Mitigatie

In Dutch

• Social sciences
• Meteorology, climatology

KAM

Kansas Association of Mappers (https://www.kansasmappers.org/)

In English

• Associations
• Geodesy, surveying
• United States

KAR

Kainate Receptor

In English

• Biochemistry, biophysics

KEA

Klimaschutz- und Energieagentur

In German

• Meteorology, climatology
• Energy economics

KGV

Kleinste Gemene Veelvoud

= PPCM | Plus Petit Commun Multiple | In French
= LCM | Least Common Multiple | In English
= MCM | Mínim Comú Múltiple | In Catalan
= NSN | Nejmenší Společný Násobek | In Czech
= ggT | Größter gemeinsamer Teiler | In German
= PMKO | Plej Malgranda Komuna Oblo | In Esperanto
= MCM | Mínimo Común Múltiplo | In Spanish
= PYJ | Pienin yhteinen jaettava | In Finnish
= LKKT | Legkisebb közös többszörös | In Hungarian
= KPK | Kelipatan persekutuan terkecil | In Indonesian
= MCM | Minimo Comune Multiplo | In Italian
= NWW | Najmniejsza wspólna wielokrotność | In Polish
= MMC | Mínimo Múltiplo Comum | In Portuguese
= НОК | Наименьшее общее кратное | In Russian
= NSN | Najmenší spoločný násobok | In Slovak
= НСК | Найменше спільне кратне | In Ukrainian

In Dutch

• Number theory

KHPM

Kininogène de Haut Poids Moléculaire

In French

• Biochemistry, biophysics

KIM

Korean Institute of Metals and Materials (http://eng.kim.or.kr/)

In English

• Research institutes
• Metals
• Metallurgy
• Materials science
• South Korea

KIMMJ

Korean Institute of Metals and Materials Journal

In English

• Periodicals
• Metals
• Metallurgy
• Materials science
• South Korea

KLT

Karhunen–Loève Transform

In English

• Mathematics

KMI

Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut

= IRM | Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique | In French

In Dutch

• Meteorology, climatology
• Belgium

KNMI

Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (www.knmi.nl)

In Dutch

• Research institutes
• Meteorology, climatology
• Netherlands

KOMP

Knockout Mouse Project

In English

• Biochemistry, biophysics
• 59932

KOPS

Korea Ocean Prediction System

In English

• Marine research, oceanography
• Meteorology, climatology
• Korea

KORDI

Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute

In English

• Research institutes
• Marine research, oceanography
• South Korea

KPK

Kelipatan persekutuan terkecil

= KGV, PPCM, LCM, MCM, NSN, ggT, PMKO, PYJ, LKKT, NWW, MMC, НОК, НСК (see above)

In Indonesian

• Number theory

KPLO

Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter

In English

• Astronautics
• Planets and satellites
• Korea

KPM

Kometen, Planetoiden, Meteore

In German

• Interplanetary medium

KPNO

Kitt Peak National Observatory

In English

• Observatories

KSDA

Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam

In Indonesian

• Organizations and associations
• Environmental protection

KVeBB

Kleine Veröffentlichungen der Universitätssternwarte zu Berlin-Babelsberg

In German

• Periodicals
• Astronomy
• Observatories
• Germany

KexT

Kexue Tongbao

In Chinese languages

• Periodicals

KhPl

Khimiia Plazmy

In Russian

• Periodicals
• Chemistry

KiCat

Kinetics and Catalysis

In English

• Periodicals
• Chemistry

KliBA

Klimaschutz- und Energie-Beratungsagentur

In German

• Meteorology, climatology
• Energy economics

KodOB

Kodaikanal Observatory Bulletins

In English

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

KodRe

Kodaikanal Observatory Reprints

In English

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

KomMe

Komety i Meteory

In Polish

• Periodicals
• Interplanetary medium

KosIs

Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia

In Russian

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

KosNT

Kosmicheskaia Nauka i Tekhnika

In Russian

• Periodicals
• Astronomy

Kr

Krypton

= Kr | Kripton | In Afrikaans
= Kr | كريبتون | In Arabic
= Kr | Крыптон | In Belarusian
= Kr | Криптон | In Bulgarian
= Kr | ক্রিপটন | In Bengali
= Kr | Kripton | In Bosnian
= Kr | Criptó | In Catalan
= Kr | Kriptone | In Corsican
= Kr | Krypton | In Czech
= Kr | Криптон | In Chuvash
= Kr | Crypton | In Welsh
= Kr | Krypton | In Danish
= Kr | Krypton | In German
= Kr | Κρυπτό | In Greek
= Kr | Krypton | In English
= Kr | Kriptono | In Esperanto
= Kr | Kriptón | In Spanish
= Kr | Krüptoon | In Estonian
= Kr | Kripton | In Basque
= Kr | Krypton | In Finnish
= Kr | Cripton | In Friulian
= Kr | Crioptón | In Irish
= Kr | Cripton | In Galician
= Kr | Krypton | In Manx
= Kr | קריפטון | In Hebrew
= Kr | क्रिप्टन | In Hindi
= Kr | Kripton | In Croatian
= Kr | Kripton | In Haitian Creole
= Kr | Kripton | In Hungarian
= Kr | Կրիպտոն | In Armenian
= Kr | Kripton | In Indonesian
= Kr | Kriptono | In Ido
= Kr | Krypton | In Icelandic
= Kr | Kripton | In Italian
= Kr | クリプトン | In Japanese
= Kr | mipnavni | In Lojban
= Kr | Kripton | In Javanese
= Kr | ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟಾನ್ | In Kannada
= Kr | 크립톤 | In Korean
= Kr | Krypton | In Latin
= Kr | Krypton | In Letzeburgesh
= Kr | Krypton | In Limburgish
= Kr | Kriptonas | In Lithuanian
= Kr | Kriptons | In Latvian
= Kr | ക്രിപ്റ്റണ്‍ | In Malayalam
= Kr | Kripton | In Malay
= Kr | Krypton | In Low German
= Kr | Krypton | In Dutch
= Kr | Krypton | In Nynorsk
= Kr | Krypton | In Norwegian
= Kr | Cripton | In Occitan
= Kr | Krypton | In Polish
= Kr | Crípton | In Portuguese
= Kr | Kriptun | In Quechuan languages
= Kr | Kripton | In Romanian
= Kr | Криптон | In Russian
= Kr | Kripton | In Sicilian
= Kr | Kripton | In Serbo-Croatian
= Kr | Kryptón | In Slovak
= Kr | Kripton | In Slovenian
= Kr | Криптон | In Serbian
= Kr | Krypton | In Swedish
= Kr | Kriptoni | In Swahili
= Kr | கிருப்டான் | In Tamil
= Kr | คริปทอน | In Thai
= Kr | Kripton | In Turkish
= Kr | Криптон | In Ukrainian
= Kr | Kripton | In Uzbek
= Kr | Krypton | In Vietnamese
= Kr | 氪 | In Chinese languages

In French

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Afrikaans

• Chemistry

Kr

كريبتون

= Kr (see above)

In Arabic

• Chemistry

Kr

Крыптон

= Kr (see above)

In Belarusian

• Chemistry

Kr

Криптон

= Kr (see above)

In Bulgarian

• Chemistry

Kr

ক্রিপটন

= Kr (see above)

In Bengali

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Bosnian

• Chemistry

Kr

Criptó

= Kr (see above)

In Catalan

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptone

= Kr (see above)

In Corsican

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Czech

• Chemistry

Kr

Криптон

= Kr (see above)

In Chuvash

• Chemistry

Kr

Crypton

= Kr (see above)

In Welsh

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Danish

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In German

• Chemistry

Kr

Κρυπτό

= Kr (see above)

In Greek

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In English

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptono

= Kr (see above)

In Esperanto

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptón

= Kr (see above)

In Spanish

• Chemistry

Kr

Krüptoon

= Kr (see above)

In Estonian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Basque

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Finnish

• Chemistry

Kr

Cripton

= Kr (see above)

In Friulian

• Chemistry

Kr

Crioptón

= Kr (see above)

In Irish

• Chemistry

Kr

Cripton

= Kr (see above)

In Galician

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Manx

• Chemistry

Kr

קריפטון

= Kr (see above)

In Hebrew

• Chemistry

Kr

क्रिप्टन

= Kr (see above)

In Hindi

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Croatian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Haitian Creole

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Hungarian

• Chemistry

Kr

Կրիպտոն

= Kr (see above)

In Armenian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Indonesian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptono

= Kr (see above)

In Ido

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Icelandic

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Italian

• Chemistry

Kr

クリプトン

= Kr (see above)

In Japanese

• Chemistry

Kr

mipnavni

= Kr (see above)

In Lojban

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Javanese

• Chemistry

Kr

ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟಾನ್

= Kr (see above)

In Kannada

• Chemistry

Kr

크립톤

= Kr (see above)

In Korean

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Latin

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Letzeburgesh

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Limburgish

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptonas

= Kr (see above)

In Lithuanian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptons

= Kr (see above)

In Latvian

• Chemistry

Kr

ക്രിപ്റ്റണ്‍

= Kr (see above)

In Malayalam

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Malay

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Low German

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Dutch

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Nynorsk

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Norwegian

• Chemistry

Kr

Cripton

= Kr (see above)

In Occitan

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Polish

• Chemistry

Kr

Crípton

= Kr (see above)

In Portuguese

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptun

= Kr (see above)

In Quechuan languages

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Romanian

• Chemistry

Kr

Криптон

= Kr (see above)

In Russian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Sicilian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Serbo-Croatian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kryptón

= Kr (see above)

In Slovak

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Slovenian

• Chemistry

Kr

Криптон

= Kr (see above)

In Serbian

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Swedish

• Chemistry

Kr

Kriptoni

= Kr (see above)

In Swahili

• Chemistry

Kr

கிருப்டான்

= Kr (see above)

In Tamil

• Chemistry

Kr

คริปทอน

= Kr (see above)

In Thai

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Turkish

• Chemistry

Kr

Криптон

= Kr (see above)

In Ukrainian

• Chemistry

Kr

Kripton

= Kr (see above)

In Uzbek

• Chemistry

Kr

Krypton

= Kr (see above)

In Vietnamese

• Chemistry

Kr

氪

= Kr (see above)

In Chinese languages

• Chemistry

L

Leucine

= L | Leucina | In Catalan
= L | Leucin | In Danish
= L | Leucin | In German
= L | Leucina | In Spanish
= L | Leŭcino | In Esperanto
= L | Leucine | In French
= L | 류신 | In Korean
= L | Leucin | In Croatian
= L | Leusin | In Indonesian
= L | Leucina | In Italian
= L | לאוצין | In Hebrew
= L | Leicīns | In Latvian
= L | Leucin | In Letzeburgesh
= L | Leucinas | In Lithuanian
= L | Leucine | In Dutch
= L | ロイシン | In Japanese
= L | Leucin | In Norwegian
= L | Leucyna | In Polish
= L | Leucina | In Portuguese
= L | Лейцин | In Russian
= L | Leusiini | In Finnish
= L | Leucin | In Swedish
= L | Lösin | In Turkish
= L | Лейцин | In Ukrainian
= L | 亮氨酸 | In Chinese languages

In English

• Biochemistry, biophysics

L

Leucina

= L (see above)

In Catalan

• Biochemistry, biophysics

L

Leucin

= L (see above)

In Danish

• Biochemistry, biophysics

L

Leucin

= L (see above)

In German

• Biochemistry, biophysics

L

Leucina

= L (see above)

In Spanish

• Biochemistry, biophysics

L

Leŭcino

= L (see above)

In Esperanto

• Biochemistry, biophysics

L

Leucine

= L (see above)

In French

• Biochemistry, biophysics